J  X 


IC-NRLF 


GIFT   OF 


E/Ae 


i 


ROOSEVELT  GLADSTONE  WILLIAM 


NAPOLEON  SALISBURY  BISMARCK 


TALLEYRAND  METTERNICH  CAVOUR 


ITO  GORTCHAKOFF  YUAN  SHI   KAI 


LEADERS  OF  WORLD  POLITICS 


<A  Primer  of  The  Science 

of 

INTERNATIONALISM 


WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE 
W    UNIVERSITY  DEBATES 


WILBUR  F.  CRArrs,  PH.D. 

Superintendent  of  the  International  Reform  Bureau 
Author  of  "  Successful  Men  of  To-day,"  etc. 


INTERNATIONAL  REFORM  BUREAU 


Copyrighted,  1908,  WILBUR  F.  CRAFTS 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

PUBLISHER'S  PREFACE 7 

AUTHOR'S  PREFACE  8 

AUTHOR'S  INTRODUCTION  9 

I.    THE  "CONCERT  OF  EUROPE"  IN  WAR 13 

TABLE  OF  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  TREATIES 18 

II.    TREATIES  OF  PEACE  MADE  BY  "CONCERT  OF  EUROPE" 23 

HI.     INTERNATIONAL  ARBITRATION  AND  THE  HAGUE  COURT 29 

INTERNATIONAL  LAWS  MADE  BY  THE  HAGUE  CONFERENCE  OF  1907 32 

IV.    LAWS  OF  INTERNATIONAL  COMMERCE 37 

V.     INTERNATIONAL  PHILANTHROPY  OF  NATIONS 43 

VI  *  INTERNATIONAL  LEGISLATION  FOR  MARKETS  AND  MORALS 49 

VII.    INTERNATIONAL  MORAL  LEGISLATION 69 

VIII.     INTERNATIONAL  ACTION  ON  GAMBLING  NEEDED 73 

IX.    INTERNATIONAL  REGULATION  OF  IMMIGRATION 77 

X.    INTERNAL  RECOGNITIONS  OF  SUNDAY 81 

APPENDIX  : 

ESPERANTO  DESCRIBED  83 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  REFORM  BUREAU 89 

411440 


PUBLISHER'S  PREFACE 


For  those  who  need  an  introduction  to  the  author  of  this  book  we  subjoin 
the  following  brief  sketch  of  his  life  and  work  from  the  British  "Who's  Who": 

CRAFTS,  WILBUR  FISK,  minister,  author,  editor,  lecturer,  reformer,  b.  Fryburg, 
Me.,  12  Jan.  1850;  s.  of  Rev.  Frederick  A.  Crafts,  a  Methodist  preacher  of  Puritan 
stock ;  m.,  1874,  Sara  J.  Timanus,  Sunday-school  writer  and  speaker ;  graduated 
at  Wesleyan  University,  Middletown,  Conn.,  1869,  B.  A. ;  1871,  A.M.;  also  from 
Boston  University  School  of  Theology,  1871,  B.  D.  (Ph.D.,  Marietta  College, 
1896)  ;  1867-89,  was  pastor  of  churches  in  Stoneham,  Haverhill,  New  Bedford, 
all  Mass.;  Dover,  N.  H. ;  Chicago,  Brooklyn,  and  New  York.  Since  1871  has 
been  active  in  Sunday-school  work  and  has  participated  (usually  with  his  wife) 
in  twenty-nine  Sunday-school  assemblies  known  as  Chautauqnas,  and  in  countless 
conventions;  founded  the  American  Sabbath  Union,  1889;  lectured  in  all  parts 
of  the  United  States  as  its  Field  Secretary,  1889-90;  founded  the  Reform  Bureau, 
since  named  the  International  Reform  Bureau,  1895 ;  chief  editor  of  the  Chris- 
tian Statesman,  1901-3;  Twentieth  Century  Quarterly  since  1896.  Author  of 
33  books :  Through  the  Eye  to  the  Heart,  1873  ;•  Wagons  for  Eye  Gate,  Trophies 
of  Song,  1874;  Childhood,  The  Text-Book  of  the  Age,  1875;  The  Ideal  Sunday- 
School,  1876;  Fireside  Talks  on  Genesis,  Song  Victories,  1877;  The  Bible  and 
the  Sunday-School,  The  Two  Chains,  1878;  The  Coming 'Man  Is  the  Present  Child, 
Illustrations  of  the  International  Sunday-School  Lessons,  Symbols  and  System 
in  Bible  Reading,  Normal  Outlines,  1879;  Rescue  of  Child-Soul,  1880;  Normal 
Half-Hours,  Plain  Uses  of  the  Blackboard,  1881 ;  Talks  to  Boys  and  Girls  About 
Jesus,  Teachers'  Edition  of  the  Revised  Testament,  Successful  Men  of  To-Day, 
1883;  Must  the  Old  Testament  Go?  Talks  and  Stories  of  Heroes  and  Holidays, 
The  Sabbath  for  Man,  Rhetoric  Made  Racy,  1884;  The  Temperance  Century, 
1885;  Prndirr  flip  Ttilili  nilli  TMiih.  1887;  The  Civil  Sabbath,  1890;  Practical 
Christian  Sociology,  1895;  Social  Progress,  1896;  Before  the  Lost  Arts,  Protec- 
tion of  Native  Races  Against  Intoxicants  and  Opium,  1900 ;  The  March  of 
Christ  Down  the  Centuries,  1902.  Address:  206  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  S.  E., 
Washington,  D.  C. 

As  to  his  preparation  to  speak  on  Internationalism,  it  may  be  mentioned 
that  since  1895  he  has  been  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  International  Reform 
Bureau,  arrd  as  such  has  had  correspondence  and  extended  interviews  in  Wash- 
ington and  in  foreign  travel  with  ambassadors  of  many  European  nations,  and 
with  such  statesmen  of  Asia  as  Marquis  Ito,  Count  Okuma,  Viscount  Hayashi, 
Viceroy  Yuan  Shih  kai,  Sir  Chentung  Liang  cheng,  H.  E.  Tang  Shao  yi,  and  other 
Foreign  Secretaries  of  China.  He  is  himself  a  sort  of  unofficial  diplomat-at- 
large,  seeking  not  the  advantage  of  one  nation  but  of  all,  through  the  promotion 
of  those  moral  and  social  reforms  which  history  proclaims  are  the  real  questions 
of  life  or  death  to  nations. 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE 


A  speech  on  "World  Politics  as  Related  to  Morals  and  Markets," 
which  was  well  received  at  a  reception  breakfast  in  Westminster 
Palace  Hotel  by  ten  members  of  the  Imperial  Parliament  and  ten 
representative  officers  of  missionary  and  reform  societies  to  whom  it 
was  first  delivered,  and  has  been  so  received  since  by  numerous  British, 
Japanese,  Chinese  and  American  audiences,  is  herein  expanded  into  a 
"Primer  of  the  Science  of  Internationalism,  with  Special  Reference 
to  University  Debates."  It  is  the  first  effort,  so  far  as  the  author 
knows,  toward  formulating  in  a  science  all  the  official  relations  of 
nations  to  each  other.  It  is  hoped  the  little  book  may  lead  university 
men  everywhere  to  increased  study  of  international  philanthropy  and 
social  ethics  as  matters  of  which  no  educated  man  has  a  right  to  be 
uninformed. 

The  author  is  planning  for  the  translation  of  the  little  book  into 
seven  languages  that  will  bring  it  within*  reach  of  about  all  the  student 
body  of  the  world:  I.  French,  with  English  on  parallel  pages;  2. 
German;  3.  Spanish;  4.  Arabic;  5.  Urdu;  6.  High  Wenli;  7. 
Esperanto. 

Typewritten  copies  of  the  book  have  been  submitted  to  literary 
leaders  in  eastern  and  western  Asia,  who  favor  its  publication  and 
circulation  in  the  native  tongues  'if  the  cost  can  be  provided  for.  It 
has  also  been  abridged1  into  an  address  that  has  been  delivered  at 
various  colleges  whose  faculty  and  students  have  asked  its  publication 
as  a  text-book  and  an  arsenal  for  debates. 

This  first  edition  is  printed — not  published — in  order  to  send  it, 
before  final  publication,  for  opinions  and  suggestions,  to  a  few  who 
are  qualified  to  speak  on  this  subject.  The  author  will  be  glad  to  know 
at  what  points,  within  the  modest  range  of  a  primer,  it  can  be  modified 
to  advantage. 

WILBUR  F.  CRAFTS. 

206  Pennsylvania  Ave.,  S.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C. 


AUTHOR'S  INTRODUCTION 


Speaking  to  shipmates  of  several  nations  in  an 
entertainment  on  an  Atlantic  liner,  in  October,  1906, 
I  remarked  that  international  travel  and  international 
commerce — and  I  might  add,  international  reading 
— are  developing  an  increasing  group  of  interna- 
tional men,  whose  hearts,  like  the  ocean,  reach  out 
helpfully  to  all  shores.  The  title  of  "International 
Man"  was  presumably  first  given  to  Richard 
Cobden,  because  he  advocated  legislation  that  he 
conceived  to  be,  not  in  the  interest  of  one  nation 
only,  but  of  all.  It  has  been  suggested  that  such  a 
person  is  more  strictly  "a  uninational  man."  Patri- 
otism has  been  nobly  defined  as  love  for  man  mani- 
festing itself  most  strongly  to  those  who  are  nearest. 
Does  any  educated  Hindu  regret  that  Buddha  was 
too  great  for  India  to  keep  to  herself?  Is  it  not  the 
supreme  honor  of  Confucius  that  he  is  the  teacher 
of  Korea  and  Japan  as  well  as  of  his  own  vast 
people?  Does  any  Mohammedan  wish  that  his 
prophet  had  confined  his  message  of  monotheism 
and  abstinence  to  his  own  race?  Is  there  a  Greek 
that  does  not  "rejoice"  chiefly  that  the  artists  and 
philosophers  of  his  country  were  great  enough  to 
teach  the  world?  Did  Mazzini,  who  charged  work- 
men to  put  duties  before  rights,  belong  alone  to 
Italy?  And  Washington  is  the  more  "first  in  the 
hearts  of  his  countrymen"  because  the  work  he 
wrought  for  liberty  is  increasingly  recognized  as 
done  for  all  mankind. 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 

Is  a  broad  social- 
ity essential  to  the 
noblest  individual- 
ity? 


Is  the  watchword, 
"My  country,  right 
or  wrong,"  justifi- 
able? 


Is  foreign  travel, 
on  the  whole,  a 
benefit? 


10 


Author's  Introduction  * 


Has  Japan 
achieved  a  civiliza- 
tion equal  to  that 
of  Europe,  and 
without  material 
aid  from  Chris- 
tianity? 


Do  material  sci- 
ences have  more 
than  a  fair  share 
of  attention? 


Can  there  be  a 
real  science  of 
Theology? 


Is  man  properly 
classified  as  be- 
longing to  the  ani- 
mal kingdom? 


What  significance  there  is  for  individual  develop- 
ment in  the  open-mindedness  of  Japan,  whose 
leaders  inaugurated  their  new  era,  as  Count  Okuma 
has  said,  by  accepting  the  suggestions  of  an 
American  missionary,  Dr.  Verbeck,  that  they  should 
send  out  a  Commission  to  search  all  nations  for 
whatever  was  better  than  Japan  already  possessed, 
that  it  might  be  adapted  and  adopted.  Thus  in 
fifty  years  Japan  harvested  much  of  the  fruitage  of 
nineteen  Christian  centuries.  Holding  the  best  of 
the  Orient,  Japan  added  the  best  of  the  Occident. 
So  should  every  student  traverse  all  centuries  and 
all  countries  to  gather  for  himself  and  his  people 
the  best  of  past  and  present,  of  East  and  West. 
What  else  does  "University"  mean? 

Was  not  the  material  universe  too  large  a  part  of 
the  University's  field  in  the  nineteenth  century? 
This  was  due  to  the  interest  aroused  by  new  dis- 
coveries in  geology,  and  the  reaction  from  too  much 
metaphysics  in  previous  centuries?  Here  the 
Orient,  with  its  instinct  for  meditation,  has  a  mes- 
sage we  may  well  bring  back  to  a  civilization  too 
much  absorbed  in  seeing.  Surely  the  highest 
sciences  are  not  those  of  the  mineral,  vegetable, 
animal  kingdoms,  but  those  of  the  kingdom  of  mind 
and  spirit,  to  which  man  and  God  belong.  The 
highest  branch  of  this  highest  science,  is  the  science 
of  God  and  of  man's  relations  to  God.  But  next  to 
that  is  the  highest  branch  of  the  science  of  man, 
which  deals  with  man  in  his  widest  relation,  the 
hitherto  unclassified  science  of  internationalism. 
This  science,  save  the  erudite  fraction  of  it  called 
international  law,  is  not  yet  in  our  universities,  but 
should  be,  and  perhaps  the  debating  societies  may 
afford  the  best  introduction. 


Author's  Introduction  1 1 


The  writer  in  this  book  aims  only  to  blaze  a  path 
into  the  new  science  where  others  may  make  a  high- 
way. Internationalism  is  fitted  to  be  in  the  twen- 
tieth century  of  largest  interest  because  of  greatest 
novelty  and  of  largest  human  importance. 

WILBUR  F.  CRAFTS. 
Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  12,  1908. 


I—  THE  "CONCERT  OF  EUROPE"  IN  WAR 


The  first  "Concert  of  Europe"  was  the  clash  of 
arms  known  as  the  "Crusades" — the  most  unselfish 
wars  in  history.  It  would  be  interesting  for  a  com- 
pany of  students  to  hunt  in  the  wilds  of  history, 
where  nations,  strangely  proud  to  call  themselves 
by  the  names  of  birds  and  beasts  of  prey,  have  so 
often  stained  themselves  in  each  others'  blood,  for 
any  international  war  before  or  since  the  Crusades 
that  was  not,  on  the  part  of  the  aggressor,  a  mere 
enlargement  of  the  story  of  Ahab  killing  Naboth  to 
annex  his  vineyard  for  his  own  glory  and  enrich- 
ment. The  way  to  give  war  its  true  character  is  to 
individualize  it.  Both  killing  and  stealing  have  often 
hidden  their  true  character  by  dazzling  multiplica- 
tion on  a  large  scale.  More  territory,  more  markets, 
personal  glory,  revenge — these  four  notes  make  up 
the  world's  martiaJl  music,  with  but  one  exception 
since  the  Crusades.* 

The  Crusades  did  not  originate  with  some  king 
ambitious  to  increase  his  dominions  or  his  fame  as 
a  warrior  or  his  country's  glory,  but  in  a  hermit- 

*  In  the  American  war  with  Spain,  in  1908,  the  dom- 
inant motive  unquestionably  was  the  desire  of  a  great 
nation  to  deliver  a  weak  people  from  intolerable  oppres- 
sion. When  the  oppressor  was  displaced  from  Cuba  and 
the  conqueror  refused  to  take  the  vacated  mastery,  the 
world  was  compelled  to  believe  in  the  unselfish  motive  it 
had  till  then  refused  to  credit  as  something  unprecedented 
in  history. 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 


Can  there  be  such 
a  thing  as  a  "holy 
war?" 


Were  the  wars 
of  the  Crusades 
unselfish  or  benefi- 
cial and,  for  these 
and  other  reasons, 
justifiable? 

Are  civilized  na- 
tions suitably  sym- 
bolized  by  birds 
and  beasts  of  prey? 

Is  the  instigator 
of  a  war  whose 
real  aim  is  fame 
or  conquest  a  mur- 
derer? 

Was  the  war  of 
the  United  States 
with  Spain  brought 
on  by  unselfish 
motives,  and  was  it 
for  that  or  other 
reasons  justifiable? 

Was  the  Thirty 
Years'  War  of  the 
Reformation  period 
equally  with  the 
Crusades  main- 
tained and  con- 
cluded chiefly  by 
religious  motives? 


14 

Is  is  possible  to 
find  some  motive 
that  will  appeal  to 
men  as  strongly  as 
war,  which  instead 
of  destroying  men 
will  destroy  the 
evils  that  destroy 
them? 

Is  sincerity  a 
savior? 

Was  Richard 
Coeur  -de  -  Lion 
more  chivalric  than 
his  opponent  Sala- 
din? 


Was  the  influence 
of  Napoleon  in 
Europe,  on  the 
whole,  beneficial? 


Did  the  French 
Revolution  delay 
the  evolution  of 
popular  Govern- 
ment ? 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 

priest  solicitous  for  the  recovery  of  the  tomb  of 
Christ  from  the  control  of  the  Moslem.  He  called 
the  religious  sentiment  of  Europe  to  battle,  shout- 
ing, "God  wills  it."  In  claiming  that  the  dominant 
motive  of  the  Crusades  was  unselfish  we  do  not 
justify  war,  not  even  those  exceptional  wars.  Sin- 
cerity is  often  misdirected.  Can  anyone  conceive 
of  the  living  Christ  leading  thousands  to  premature 
graves  to  rescue  his  own  vacant  tomb? 

Without  justifying  the  Crusades  we  may  claim 
that  beneficial  results  followed  through  the  Provi- 
dence that  overrules  the  "wrath"  and  even  the  folly 
of  men.  British  and  French  and  Germans,  who  had 
previously  met  each  other  face  to  face  in  battle, 
fought  side  by  side  as  comrades,  and  -so  learned 
to  understand  and  respect  each  other.  And  they 
all  discovered  that  "the  Infidel,"  as  they  called  the 
Moslem  from  afar,  thinking  of  him  as  some  strange 
ghoul,  "neither  brute  nor  human,"  believed  half  of 
the  Christian  creed,  and  was  capable  of  knightly 
deeds.  Europe  even  in  war  learned  to  co-operate 
and  was  led  along  the  battle  path  to  a  renewal  of 
intercourse  with  Asia,  that  helped  both  commerce 
and  culture. 

Another  "Concert  of  Europe,"  which  originated 
this  term  was  that  of  "the  Allies"  against  Napoleon, 
who  fell  when  he  had  driven  Austria,  Russia  and 
Germany  into  coalition  with  Britain  against  him. 
So  long  as  the  "Concert"  was  less  than  a  quartette 
his  brilliant  generalship  triumphed.  It  is  remark- 
able how  long  he  kept  one  or  more  of  these  Powers 
on  his  side  by  the  promise  of  some  share  in  his  spoils. 

This  Concert  of  "Great  Powers"  was  continued, 
in  a  measure,  for  the  repression  of  European  revolu- 
tionary movements,  that  were  begotten,  and  blighted 
also,  by  the  French  Revolution.  Conservative  re- 


The  "Concert  of  Europe"  m  War 


formers  withdrew  from  the  widespread  ''Revolu- 
tion," especially  in  Great  Britain,  lest  a  "reign  of 
terror"  should  displace  the  reign  of  tyranny.  The 
crimes  perpetrated  in  France  in  the  name  of 
"liberty" — a  word  still  abused  there  and  elsewhere — 
became  the  effective  excuse  for  kings  to  resist  all 
those  struggles  for  popular  government  that  stirred 
Christendom  for  half  a  century  after  the  American 
people  rang  the  Liberty  Bell  of  world-wide  awaken- 
ing. Kings  could  not  have  checked  the  movement 
if  the  first  revolutionists  in  Europe  had  been  led  by 
such  God-fearing  Puritans  as  steadied  the  initial 
revolution  in  America.  But  France  had  slain  and 
exiled  its  Puritans,  the  Huguenots,  and  had  few  left 
for  leaders  save  Godless  Cavaliers.  By  driving  the 
Revolution  too  fast  in  France  they  slowed  it  up 
everywhere  else.  The  monarchs  of  Russia,  Prussia, 
and  Austria  with  whom  the  British  Government  had 
agreed  to  act  against  the  French  Revolution,  would 
have  extended  that  fourfold  "Concert"  to  forcible 
suppression  of  all  resistance  to  government  through- 
out Europe  but  that  Canning,  on  behalf  of  Great 
Britain,  condemned  the  proposal  as  "a  combination 
of  governments  against  liberty."  The  monarchs 
of  Russia,  Prussia  and  Austria  nevertheless  agreed 
to  act  together  to  that  end  to  a  limited  degree,  and 
began  by  forcing  despotism  back  on  Naples,  which 
had  achieved  constitutional  government. 

The  tortoise  of  British  evolution  has  reached 
safe  popular  government  sooner  than  the  hare  of 
French  revolution,  which  has  turned  back  to 
monarchy  over  and  over  again. 

More  in  the  spirit  of  the  Crusades  was  the 
united  action  of  the  British,  French  and  Russian 
fleets  against  the  Turks  in  the  Battle  of  Navarino. 
that  saved  Greece  from  defeat  and  subjugation. 


Would  it  be  wise 
and  right  for  the 
nations  to  unite  for 
suppression  of  an- 
archistic speakers 
who  advocate  the 
forcible  overthrow 
of  all  Government  ? 


Is  the  present 
backwardness  of 
Southern  Europe 
due  in  large  meas- 
ure to  the  multitu- 
dinous executions 
of  progressive  men 
in  the  days  of  per- 
secution ? 


Is  the  United 
States  Government 
a  better  form  of 
popular  Govern- 
ment than  the  Brit- 
ish? 

Had  the  Russian 
Douma  a  reason- 
able degree  of  pre- 
rogative for  an  evo- 
lutionary beginning 
of  a  limited  mon- 
archy in  its  orig- 
inal charter? 


ib 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Would  the  Great 
Powers  of  Europe 
have  been  justified 
in  interposing  in 
behalf  of  Armeni- 
ans at  the  time  of 
the  massacres? 


Is  a  limitation  of 
armaments  desira- 
ble and  practi- 
cable? 


Is  the  develop- 
ment of  a  great 
Greek  Empire, 
with  Constanti- 
nople as  its  capi- 
tal, and  all  Greek- 
speaking  nations 
about  the  ^Egean 
as  its  constituents, 
the  best  solution 
of  "the  Eastern 
problem?" 


Never  were  so  many  nations  united  in  a  military 
expedition  as  when  the  troops  of  the  European 
Powers  marched  with  those  of  the  United  States 
and  Japan  as  a  Concert  of  the  World  to  rescue  the 
beleaguered  legations  and  missionaries  at  Pekin. 
After  the  fighting  was  over  these  Powers  continued 
their  control  in  some  ports  of  North  China  for  over 
a  year,  during  which  many  permanent  reforms  were 
accomplished  by  this  World  Government,  includ- 
ing the  tearing  down  of  the  Tientsin  city  wall. 
Why  do  not  these  same  Powers,  by  mutual  agree- 
ment, tear  down  their  own  armaments,  substi- 
tuting "decisive"  arbitrations  for  less  "decisive 
battles?" 

Will  there  ever  be  again  "a  battle  of  the  nations" 
such  as  brought  the  forces  of  five  Great  Powers 
into  one  battlefield,  when  Britain,  Prussia,  Austria, 
and  Russia  together  defeated  Napoleon's  French 
forces  at  Leipsic?  We  cannot  declare  to  the  con- 
trary with  confidence,  even  in  the  age  of  the  Hague 
Court.  "The  Eastern  Problem"  will  never  be  settled 
till  it  is  settled  right,  and  a  change  of  rulers  in 
Austria  or  Turkey  might  bring  it  up  anew.  And 
there  is  another  "Eastern  problem,"  in  "The  Far 
East."  Britain  and  Japan  have  an  offensive  and 
defensive  alliance  to  fight  together  if  either  is  at- 
tacked by  two  Powers,  and  similar  agreements  are 
probably  in  force  in  connection  with  other,  if  not  all 
Great  Powers.  If  continued  abuse  of  Japanese  in 
America  should  at  last  drive  Japan  to  seize  the 
Philippines,  that  might  in  turn  bring  an  armed 
protest  from  some  European  Power,  which  would 
compel  Great  Britain  to  de-fend  its  ally ;  and  neither 
Russia  nor  France  woul^  be  likely  to  be  inactive 
while  a  change  of  status  was  occurring  in  the  new 
storm-centre  of  the  world. 


The  "Concert  of  Europe"  in  War 

"The  war  against  war"  should  be  intensified 
before  other  more  serious  perils  to  peace  develop  in 
China,  which  is  soon  to  follow  Japan  into  a  place 
among  the  Great  Powers,  that,  let  us  hope,  will 
celebrate  in  1915  the  centennial  of  the  inauguration 
of  the  "Concert  of  Europe"  against  Napoleon  by 
a  Concert  of  the  World  against  War. 


Science  of  Internationalism 


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H.— TREATIES  OF  PEACE  MADE  BY  THE  CON- 
CERT OF  EUROPE  AT  THE  END  OF  WARS 


Taking  a  step  forward  from  the  Concert  of 
Nations  in  war,  we  note  the  treaties  of  peace  made 
by  three  or  more  Powers  at  the  end  of  wars,  to  keep 
the  peace  and  "the  balance  of  power."  These  were 
usually  made  by  three  or  more  of  the  five  strongest 
European  Governments,  namely  Britain,  Prussia, 
Austria,  Russia,  France.  The  four  first  named  are 
known  as  "'the  Four  Courts."  When  France  was 
admitted,  after  Napoleon's  fall,  to  the  Concert  of 
Europe,  the  term  was  changed  to  "the  Five  Courts." 
When  these  nations  conferred  at  some  one  place  by 
delegated  Ambassadors  only,  their  meeting  was 
called  a  "Conference,"  but  it  became  a  "Congress" 
when  Monarchs  and  Cabinet  Ministers  'participated. 
Often  a  "Congress"  included  the  Czar  Alexander, 
of  Russia,  and  Emperor  Francis,  of  Austria,  and 
King  Frederick  William,  of  Prussia,  and  their 
Cabinet  Ministers,  and  a  British  Minister.  Some- 
times Napoleon  I  or  III  was  present,  and  sometimes 
other  lesser  monarchs.  No  British  King  is  recorded 
as  participating.  The  Ministers  of  greatest  ability 
and  largest  influence  who  took  part  were:  Metter- 
nich  and  Stein  of  Austria;  Gortchakofr",  of  Russia; 
Hardenberg  and  Bismarck,  of  Prussia ;  Talleyrand, 

23 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 

Would  not  a  Par- 
liament of  interna- 
tional experts  be  a 
better  agency  for 
settling  such  ques- 
tions as  are  fre- 
quently dealt  with 
by  special  interna- 
tional Conferences 
and  Congresses? 


Have  the  efforts 
of  the  Concert  of 
Europe  to  preserve 
the  balance  o  f 
power  proved  use- 
ful? 

Have  the  territo- 
rial acquisitions  se- 
cured by  diplomacy 
proved  more  per- 
manent than  those 
of  war? 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Was  Bismarck 
the  most  successful 
of  European  diplo- 
matists? 

Is  lying  essential 
to  successful  diplo- 
macy? 

Is  "Golden  Rule" 
diplomacy  practi- 
cable? 


of  France;  Castlereagh,  Wellington,  D'Israeli,  and 
Salisbury,  of  Britain.  The  gathering  of  such  giants 
at  a  "Congress"  of  the  world  was  more  "decisive" 
than  any  battle,  and  should  have  put  battles  out  of 
fashion.  But  how  few  graduates  of  high  schools 
know,  as  they  know  Waterloo,  these  "victories  of 
peace  not  less  renowned  than  war!" 

Among  European  treaties  eight  tower  pre- 
eminent. Three  of  these  limited  France,  two  Russia, 
one  limited  and  one  isolated  Austria.  One  re- 
arranged the  map  of  Western  Continental  Europe; 
another  of  Central  Europe;  another  of  Eastern 
Europe. 

i.  The  Treaty  of  Westphalia  was  made  in  1648 
at  the  close  of  "The  Thirty  Years'  War,"  which 
originated  in  the  conflicts  of  the  Protestant  Refor- 
mation but  involved  other  than  religious  considera- 
tions, prominent  among  which  was  the  determination 
of  the  smaller  German-speaking  states  to  curb  the 
undue  predominance  of  Austria,  which  the  treaty 
shows  to  have  been  in  some  measure  accomplished. 

The  Austrian  Emperor  had  been  ambitious  to 
subdue  all  Europe  and  restore  the  "Holy  Roman 
Empire."  Until  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century 
it  was  assumed  that  there  could  be  one  "Emperor," 
and  the  very  title  carried  with  it  a  claim  to  the  sub- 
mission of  Europe.  By  the  terms  of  the  Treaty, 
Austria  consented  that  any  Government  might  have 
whatever  religion  it  pleased.  That  did  not  mean 
that  any  individual  could  have  any  religion  he 
pleased.  Neither  side  had  gotten  that  far  yet.  It 
simply  allowed  a  King  to  be  his  own  Pope,  if  he 
wished,  by  establishing  a  State  Church  independent 
of  the  Pope  of  Rome.  They  did  not  write  in  that 
Treaty  what  to  many  was  the  most  important  result 
of  the  war,  namely,  that  other  Monarchs  were  no 


Treaties  of  Peace  Made  by  Concert  of  Europe  25 

longer  claimed  as  vassals  by  the  Emperor  of  Aus- 
tria. It  was  the  first  instance  of  guarding  the  Euro- 
pean "balance  of  power"  by  lesser  nations  uniting 
to  curb  the  strongest. 

2.  The  Treaty  Utrecht  was  made  by  leading 
European   nations   in   1713,   two   years  before  the 
death  of  King  Louis  XIV  of  France,  and  aimed 
to  check  the  preponderance  of  that  Power  by  taking 
away  some  of  the  conquests  annexed  by  the  "Grand 
Monarch"  in  his  long  and  bloody  reign. 

3.  The  Treaty  of  Reichenbach,  1813,  was  a  cov- 
enant of  Austria,  Britain,  Russia,  and  Prussia,  "the 
Four  Courts,"  for  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon.    This 
is  the  turning  point  of  his  career.    Had  he  consented 
to  yield  in  some  small  matters  to  Austria  he  could 
have  held  the  larger  portion  of  his  conquests,  with 
an  Austrian  alliance  to  secure  him  against  the  other 
Great  Powers.     But  an  insatiate  desire  for  wider 
conquests,  combined  with  the  pride  that  goes  before 
a  fall,  led  him  to  scorn  Austria's  most  reasonable 
proposals,  and  so  drive  that  mighty  ally  into  the 
camp  of  his  foes,  leaving  him  to  fight  all  Europe. 
The  result  was  his  complete  overthrow  at  Leipsic 
in  "the  Battle  of  the  Nations." 

4.  The  Treaty  of  Paris,  in  1814,  was  made  by 
a  Congress  of  Monarchs  and  Ministers  of  "the  Five 
Courts,"  France  being  admitted  to  the  counsels  of 
its  conquerors,  with  Talleyrand,  as  great  in  diplo- 
macy as   Napoleon   in   war,   as   its   representative. 
Napoleon  having  abdicated,  the  conquering  nations 
first  reduced  France  to  substantially  pre-Napoleon 
dimensions,  and  then  restored  the  Bourbons  to  the 
throne.    As  often  in  those  years  the  Czar  Alexander, 
Emperor  Francis  and  King  Frederick  William  were 
all  in  attendance  and  active  in  the  deliberations. 
This  Conference  remodeled  the  map  of  southern  and 


26 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Have  the  efforts 
of  the  Powers  to 
protect  the  Chris- 
tian subjects  of  the 
Porte  proved  a  rea- 
sonable success? 


western  Europe,  for  the  Empire  of  Napoleon  had 
extended  from  Turkey  to  Spain  and  from  Naples 
to  Denmark. 

5.  The   Treaty   of   Vienna,   in    1815,   was   an 
adjourned    Session    of    the    Paris    Congress,    and 
reshaped  the  map  of  central  Europe,  dividing  the 
territory  recovered  from  Napoleon  mostly  between 
Austria,  Prussia,  and  Russia.     The  smaller  nations 
expected  nothing,  not  even  restoration  of  their  pre- 
Napoleon    status.      Great    Britain    asked    nothing. 
"The  Four  Courts"  for  the  time  constituted  a  Euro- 
pean Government  of  territorial  authority  fully  equal 
to  that  of  the  Roman  Empire  in  its  palmiest  days. 

6.  The  Treaty  of  London,  in  1827,  made  by 
Britain,  France  and  Russia  against  Turkey,  led  to 
the  independence  of   Greece,   and  being  made   in 
spite  of  Austria's  opposition  diminished  -that  nation's 
prestige. 

7.  The  Treaty  of  Paris,  in  1856,  made  at  the 
close  of  the  Crimean  War  by  Britain,  France,  Prus- 
sia, Austria,  Russia,  "the  Five  Courts,"  somewhat 
checked  the  growth  of  Russia  southward  by  closing 
the   Dardanelles  to  its  navy,   and  neutralizing  the 
Black  Sea  and  the  Danube. 

8.  The  Treaty  of  Berlin,  in  1878,  at  the  close 
of  the  war  between  Turkey  and  Russia,  was  a  diplo- 
matic battle  of  giants,  in  which  Lord  Salisbury  and 
DTsraeli  represented  Great  Britain,  on  the  one  side, 
and  Gortchiakoff  represented  Russia,  on  'the  other, 
while  Bismarck  mediated  between  these  contending 
antagonists  and  prevented  the  failure  of  the  Con- 
gress.    It  resulted  in  depriving  Russia  of  most  of 
its  conquests  in  the  war  with  Turkey,  and  strength- 
ening the  latter  Power  by  its  guarantees  of  partici- 
pation in  and  protection  by  the  Concert  of  Europe. 
About  all  of  the  map  of  Europe  outside  of  "the 


Treaties  of  Peace  Made  by  Concert  of  Europe 


Four  Courts,"  that  had  not  been  remodeled  in  the 
Treaties  of  Paris  and  Vienna,  was  made  over  by 
the  Treaty  of  Berlin. 

It  is  curious  that  when  the  great  nations  of 
Europe  found  that  no  one  of  them  at  the  end  of  a 
zvar  could  do  what  he  would  with  his  conquered  foe, 
but  must  submit  the  whole  matter  to  a  European 
Congress,  they  did  not  arrange  to  sarue  themselves 
the  waste  of  blood  and  treasure  thereafter  by  hold- 
ing the  Congress  before  the  zvar  instead  of  after  it. 
These  irregular  but  decisive  Congresses  need  only 
to  be  made  periodical,  and  to  include  just  provision 
for  weaker  nations,  to  fulfil  Tennyson's  dream, 
which  they  have  proved  practicable  — 

"The  parliament  of  man,  the  federation  of 
the  world." 

Surely  no  parliament  of  regular  sessions  and 
wide  range  of  action  could  deal  with  greater  matters 
than  did  the  Berlin  Congress  in  the  adjustment  of 
the  status  of  half  a  dozen  nations  about  the  Balkans. 
And  the  control  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  since  1840 
by  a  European  Protectorate  could  hardly  have  been 
exercised  so  badly  by  any  world  parliament  as  by 
the  discordant  "Concert  of  -the  Powers"  whose 
jealousies  have  cost  the  greatest  atrocities  of  history. 

When  the  writer,  in  1906,  was  introduced  at  a 
reception  breakfast  in  Westminster  Palace  Hotel, 
attended  by  ten  Members  of  Parliament  and  ten 
leaders  of  Missions  and  Reform,  the  Chairman,  Dr. 
V.  H.  Rutherford,  remarked,  "Dr.  Crafts  is  one 
of  those  idealists  who  believe  in  a  world  parlia- 
ment." "Indeed  I  do,"  I  replied  on  rising,  "and 
there  have  been  three  world  parliaments  in  this 
very  month  of  October,  1906,  namely,  the  inter- 
national conferences  at  Brussels,  Paris,  and  Berlin, 
on  liquors,  prostitution,  and  wireless  telegraphy, 


Would  the  Great 
Powers  be  justified 
in  appointing  a  joint 
commission  to  con- 
trol any  country 
which  has  long 
failed  to  establish 
a  humane  and  effi- 
cient government? 


28  The  Science  of  Internationalism 


whose  work,  done  mostly  by  diplomats  who  hap- 
pened to  be  at  these  posts,  could  have  been  done 
much  better  by  one  parliament  of  international 
experts,  to  whom  all  such  matters  should  be  regu- 
larly referred  by  the  Powers,  whose  separate  ratifi- 
cation might  take  the  place  of  the  Upper  House  in 
safeguarding  each  nation's  interests." 


III. -INTERNATIONAL  ARBITRATION  AND  THE 
HAGUE  COURT 


We  have  seen  -the  "Concert"  of  nations,  first,  in 
war,  second,  in  treaties  of  peace  at  the  end  of  wars, 
and  now,  taking  another  step  forward,  we  are  to 
consider  treaties  of  arbitration  made  in  times  of 
peace  to  prevent  war,  that  have  culminated  in  the 
Hague  Court. 

The  gist  of  the  whole  peace  and  arbitration  move- 
ment is  in  the  following  words  of  the  Toronto  Star, 
in  an  editorial  on  a  visit,  in  1907,  of  Hon  Elihu 
Root,  American  Secretary  of  State,  to  the  Cana- 
dian Capital: 

"In  our  relations  with  our  own  countrymen  we 
agree  to  differ  in  politics,  in  religion,  in  other  mat- 
ters about  which  we  feel  very  deeply  and  hold  the 
strongest  convictions.  In  those  relations  we  have 
entirely  discarded  the  idea  of  personal  violence  as 
a  means  of  settlement.  This  is  civilization,  and 
we  are  sanguine  enough  to  believe  that  civiliza- 
tion will  eventually  govern  the  relations  between 
nations." 

The  absurdity  of  war  at  once  appeals  when  we 
individualize  it  and  imagine  civilized  men  returning 
to  the  custom  of  going  about  day  after  day  loaded 
with  weapons,  instead  of  continuing  the  present 
successful  policy  of  individual  "disarmament,"  with 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 

Does  readiness 
for  war  promote 
peace? 

Should  the  Hague 
Court  be  consti- 
tuted of  judges  per- 
manently appointed 
and  resident  rather 
than  of  special 
arbiters  called  to- 
gether for  each 
case? 

Should  the  cases 
to  be  submitted  be 
determined  by  a 
general  agreement 
rather  than  by  dual 
treaties? 

Is  it  wise  or  nec- 
essary to  reserve 
from  the  Court 
questions  supposed 
to  concern  the  na- 
tional honor? 

Would  it  be  wise 
to  supplement  the 
Hague  Court  with 
a  legislative  and 
executive  depart- 
ment? 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


In  view  of  inter- 
national jealousies, 
if  each  of  the  Great 
European  Powers 
were  represented 
by  one  of  the 
Executive  Commit- 
tee, who  would  be 
the  most  suitable 
Chairman  ? 


Is  the  military 
profession  a  desir- 
able one  in  times 
w  hen  no  national 
peril  threatens? 


Are  the  princi- 
ples of  a^true  civ- 
ilization inconsist- 
ent with  the  con- 
tinuance of  war? 


mutual  agreement  to  settle  our  personal  quarrels  in 
the  courts.  "The  best  way  to  prevent  fighting,"  the 
advocates  of  increasing  armaments  say,  "is  to  be 
prepared  for  it."  If  that  be  so  the  States  where 
men  go  about  with  bowie-knives  in  their  boots  and 
pistols  on  their  hips  should  be  freest  from  deadly 
quarrels.  Such  States,  in  fact,  are  the  scenes  of 
frequent  murders,  that  would  never  have  occurred 
if  the  combatants  had  not  'been  always  "prepared 
for  war." 

It  was  to  Napoleon  Schiller  made  Richelieu  say, 
in  a  word-picture  of  war  worthy  to  rank  with  the 
paintings  of  Verestchagen — 

"From  rank  showers  of  blood 
And  the  red  light  of  blazing  roofs 
You  paint  the  rainbow,  Glory, 
And  to  shuddering  conscience  cry  — 
Lo,  the  bridge  to  heaven !" 

Napoleon  himself  is  reported  to  have  said,  "War 
is  the  trade  of  barbarians,"  and  General  Sherman 
spoke  from  much  observation  when  he  said,  "War 
is  hell."  When  such  truths  are  taught  in  the  home 
and  school  and  church,  and  gory  is  no  longer  mis- 
taken for  glory,  we  shall  at  last  achieve  a  true 
civilization  that  will  settle  public  as  well  as  private 
disputes  by  law. 

Let  those  who  think  war  has  at  least  been  mate- 
rially profitable  to  the  aggressive  nations  not  only 
consider  the  destruction  and  demoralization  that 
war  brings,  but  also  contrast  the  historic  gains  of 
peaceful  diplomacy  and  discovery  and  commerce 
with  the  territory  lost  by  war.  For  example,  Great 
Britain  has  hardly  made  up  in  a  century  what  was 
lost  by  the  perversity  of  King  George  III  in  driving 


International  Arbitration  and  the  Hague  Court 


the  American  colonies  to  war,  and  her  permanent 
gains  of  empire  are  in  provinces  won  more  by  com- 
merce than  by  conquest.  It  is  said  that  Russia  has 
gained  all  her  vast  increase  of  territory  by  diplomacy 
and  lessened  her  area  by  every  war.  Germany's 
gains  also  have  been  mostly  won  by  diplomacy. 
After  all  Napoleon's  devastating  wars  the  con- 
quered territory  he  had  thus  annexed  was  taken 
from  France  by  the  Powers,  whereas  France  might 
probably  have  held  nearly  all  of  them  if  he  had 
accepted  Austria's  generous  diplomatic  proposals 
shortly  before  the  Battle  of  Leipsic.  And  when 
Talleyrand  was  restoring  France  by  diplomacy  to 
European  leadership,  Napoleon's  return  to  Waterloo 
threw  it  back  again  to  a  position  no  better  than 
that  of  the  pre-Napoleonic  period. 

Permanent  peace  for  the  world  is  the  goal  sought 
by  an  increasing  number,  including  the  leaders  of 
commerce,  which  war  always  injures  in  these  days ; 
and  of  labor,  that  always  bears  the  brunt  of  war, 
both  in  service  and  in  taxation ;  and  many  in 
churches  and  schools,  which  last  are  more  and  more 
observing  the  anniversary  of  the  establishment  of 
the  Hague  Tribunal,  May  iSth,  as  "Peace  Day." 
We  may  therefore  hope  the  school  histories  will 
some  day  cease  to  give  undue  prominence  to  war, 
and  our  college  graduates  will  be  able  to  name  the 
"decisive"  international  arbitrations  as  readily  as 
the  "decisive  battles." 

There  were  two  hundred  such  arbitrations  within 
a  century  from  the  time  the  first  President  of  the 
United  States,  George  Washington,  inaugurated 
this  method  of  settling  disputes.*  Great  Britain 

*  These  are  concisely  described  in  "Modern  Pacific 
Settlements,"  by  W.  Evans  Darby,  LL.  D.,  published  by 
the  Peace  Society,  47  New  Broad  Street,  London,  E.  C. 


Was  it  a  mistake 
that  America  did 
not  propose  arbi- 
tration of  the  issues 
that  led  to  the 
Spanish  -  American 
War  of  1898? 


THE  HAGUE  CONFERENCE  OF   J907 

"The  calling:  of  the  Conference  would  hare  been 
justified  if  it  had  done  nothing  more  than  demon- 
strate the  possibility  of  creating:  a  universal  parlia- 
ment."— Karon  D'Estournelles  de  Constant. 

By  the  Unanimous  Vote  of  Forty-five  Nations 

(1)  Established   the   inviolability    of   neutral    territory,   and   the    right    of 

asylum   in  it  of  prisoners   of  war  ; 

(2)  Prohibited    belligerents    to    establish    wireless    telegraph    stations    in 

neutral  territory ; 

(3)  Forbade  belligerent  ships  to  revictual  at  neutral  ports  except  to  com- 

plete their  normal  supplies,  or  to  take  fuel  except  to  reach  the 
nearest  port  of  their  own  country  ; 

(4)  Provided  that  hostilities  should  not  begin  except  by  declaration  of  war 

or  an  ultimatum  with  conditional  declaration ; 

(5)  Directed  that  a  state  of  war  must  be  notified  at  once  to  neutral  powers 

and  may  be  given  by  wire ; 

Revived  three  prohibitions  of  1899,  which  had  lapsed  five  years  after, 
namely  : 

(6)  Prohibited   the   dropping   of  projectiles   from   balloons ; 

(7)  Prohibited  the  diffusing  of  deleterious  gases; 

(8)  Prohibited   the  use  of  expanding  bullets; 

(9)  Required   indemnification   by    any    belligerent    who    violates    the    laws 

of  war ; 

(10)  Prohibited  the  use  of  mines  for  restricting  commercial  navigation; 

(11)  Provided  a  definite  period  of  grace  to  be  allowed  merchantmen  in  an 

enemy's  ports  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities ; 

(12)  Prohibited  the  use  of  floating  mines  except  those  so  constructed  as  to 

become  innocuous  within  an  hour  after  they  pass  from  human 
control ; 

(13)  Prohibited  the   use  of  anchored  mines  that  do  not  become   innocuous 

after  they  have  broken  their  moorings ; 

(14)  Prohibited  the  bombardment  of  unfortified  places; 

(15)  Provided  for  the  inviolability  of  fishing  boats; 

(16)  Provided  for  the  inviolability  of  the  postal  service; 

(17)  Ratified  the  humanitarian  recommendations  of  the  Geneva  Red   Cress 

Convention  of  1906,   and  added  others ; 

(18)  Provided  for  the  humane  treatment  of  captured  crews; 

(19)  ESTABLISHED  AN   INTERNATIONAL   PRIZE   COURT,   IN   WHICH   UNLIMITED 

RIGHT  OF  APPEAL  IS  GIVEN  WHERE  NEUTRALS  ARE  CONCERNED 
(THOUGH  FAILING  TO  AGREE  ON  THE  INVIOLABILITY  OF  PRIVATE 
PROPERTY  AT  SEA  AND  ON  DEFINITIONS  OF  "CONTRABAND"  AND, 
"EFFECTIVE  BLOCADE' ' ) . 

(20)  Prohibited   any   nation  to   attempt  forcibly   to   collect   a  debt   claimed 

by  its  citizens  of  the  government  of  another  nation  unless  theve 
has  been  a  previous  offer  by  the  creditor  country  to  submit  the 
question  of  the  indebtedness  to  arbitration; 

(21)  Declared   in  favor  of  a  permanent  international  court    (realization  of 

which  is  delayed  because  none  of  the  forty-five  rations  were 
willing  to  be  unrepresented  by  judges)  ; 

(22)  Proclaimed  its  belief  in  the  principle  of  obligatory  arbitration  (though 

not    ready   to   adopt   a  general   arbitration   treaty)  ; 

(23)  Provided    for    the   reassembling   of   the    conference    (but    not    yet    for 

regularly   recurring  world  parliaments). 

(On  many  other  progressive  propositions  there  was  a  majority  vote,  but  the 
above  were  unanimous  and  so  will  be  incorporated  in  a  treaty  that  when 
ratified,  as  it  undoubtedly  will  be  by  all  the  participating  Powers,  all  of 
which  by  cable  instructed  their  delegates  to  sign  fourteen  articled  that  are 
analyzed  into  the  twenty-three  above  given,  will  become  a  valuable  addition 
to  the  commercial  and  humanitarian  chapter  of  international  law.  The  above 
statement  of  conclusions  was  submitted  to  several  American  delegates  to  the 
Second  Hague  Conference  and  approved  as  correct.) 


International  Arbitration  and  the  Hague  Court 


33 


was  the  other  party  to  that  first  arbitration,  and 
these  two  Anglo-Saxon  nations  should  be  prouder 
than  of  'their  wars  that  they  participated  in  half 
the  arbitrations  of  the  first  century  of  this  humane 
and  wise  reform. 

There  could  hardly  be  a  more  interesting  or  a 
more  profitable  subject  for  debate  to  prompt  historic 
reading  'and  clear  thinking  and  eloquent  speech, 
than  that  which  is  printed  in  capitals  in  the  margin, 
namely,  ''Does  the  Hague  Court  need  a  world  police 
or  a  world  army  to  enforce  its  decrees  ?" 

The  Mohonk  Arbitration  Conference  in  America, 
at  which  America's  real  "Four  Hundred,"  states- 
men, jurists,  educators,  authors,  and  merchant 
princes,  gather  annually  to  study  international  arbi- 
tration, has  put  on  record  its  convictions  that  the 
Hague  Court  should  (i)  be  developed  into  a  per- 
manent Court  of  resident  judges,  ready  to  settle  the 
quarrels  of  nations  promptly  before  the  "war  fever" 
reaches  a  crisis;  (2)  should  also  be  supplemented 
by  a  world  parliament  meeting  regularly  to  codify 
and  complete  international  law,  subject,  of  course, 
to  the  ratification  of  the  governments  concerned,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  "Conferences"  now  so  frequent.* 

As  a  complete  government  includes  not  only 
the  judicial  and  legislative  branches,  but  also  the 
executive,  it  is  an  interesting  question  whether  there 
should  not  be  an  International  Executive  Commis- 
sion also  at  The  Hague,  charged  with  putting  into 
force  the  decrees  of  the  Court  and  the  ratified  laws 
of  the  Parliament. 

And  as  executives  in  all  other  governments  have 
needed  armies  and  police,  will  not  the  developing 
World  Government  at  The  Hague  also  need  such 


DOES  THE  HAGUE 
COURT  NEED  A 
WORLD  POLICE  OR  A 
WORLD  ARMY  TO 
ENFORCE  ITS  DE- 
CREES ? 


S  h  o  u  1  d  it  be 
made  a  part  of  in- 
ternational law  that 
some  explicit  ulti- 
matum or  declara- 
tion of  war  should 
always  precede  the 
beginning  of  hos- 
tilities? (It  was 
so  voted  at  the 
Hague  Conference 
of  1907.) 


*  Send    to    American    Peace    Society,    Boston,    for    its 
Memorial  and  Arguments  in  favor  of  a  -"World  Congress." 


34 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Was  the  relief  of 
Pekin  and  subse- 
quent joint  action 
a  successful  experi- 
ment in  world  gov- 
ernment ? 


Is  it  possible  for 
the  Great  Powers 
to  use  diplomatic 
pressure  unitedly 
to-day  as  effective- 
ly as  they  formerly 
used  war? 

Is  it  desirable  and 
practicable  that  na- 
tions  believing  in 
arbitration  should 
constrain  backward 
nations  to  accept 
this  substitute  for 
war  ? 


a  force?  Why  not  supply  this  World  Government 
such  a  picturesque  International  Army  as  marched 
on  Pekin  for  the  relief  of  the  beleaguered  legations? 
That  was  in  fact  'the  first  armed  "Concert  of  the 
World,"  Japan  and  the  United  States  co-operating 
with  "the  Five  Courts"  of  Europe.  This  "Pro- 
visional Government"  even  administered  the  affairs 
of  the  great  city  of  Tientsin  for  a  long  period,  and 
made  numerous  reforms  that  have  permanently 
improved  the  city,  which  thus  witnesses  to  the  prac- 
ticability of  a  World  Government. 

But  'the  conclusive  proof  that  the  Hague  Court 
needs  no  other  than  the  power  of  international 
public  opinion,  which  is  only  second  to  the  omnipo- 
tence O'f  God,  is  that  this  has  proved  sufficient  in 
every  arbitration  thus  far.  Not  once  has  a  nation 
refused  to  accept  even,  an  unjust  decision,  though 
in  one  such  case  there  was  a  delay  and  success- 
ful appeal  for  a  rehearing,  by  which  justice  was 
secured.* 

//  any  nation  participating  in  an  arbitration 
should  refuse  to  accept  the  verdict,  the  reserve 
forces  of  diplomatic  isolation  could  be  brought  to 
bear.  A  nation  from  which  all  ambassadors  and 
consuls  were  recalled  would  be  like  Dr.  Edward 
Everett  Kale's  "Man  Without  a  Country."  Such 
a  nation  would  be  in  a  state  of  international  siege 
and  could  not  long  hold  out.  As  the  Russian  people 
by  a  general  strike  compelled  the  Czar  to  grant 
them  a  Duma,  or  popular  Assembly,  so  the  forty- 
five  nations  of  the  world  that  in  1907  unanimously 
joined  in  further  developing  the  Hague  Court  may 


*  After  the  above  was  written  it  was  reported  that  one 
nation  had  refused  to  accept  an  arbitral  award.  If  this 
should  prove  true  it  would  be  interesting  to  see  the  nations 
call  out  the  reserves  described  above, 


International  Arbitration  and  the  Hague  Court 


35 


constrain  any  recalcitrant  nation  to  accept  arbitra- 
tion by  uniting  in  a  general  diplomatic  boycott. 

Why  may  not  the  Concert  of  Powers  that  has 
so  often  settled  the  result  of  a  war  after  it  was  over 
use  a  like  compulsion  for  a  like  settlement  in 
advance,  since  "prevention  is  better  than  cure?" 
Indeed  the  Powers  have  used  prevention  already 
in  guaranteeing  the  neutrality  or  integrity,  or  both, 
of  several  nations,  including  Belgium,  Holland, 
Sweden,  Norway,  China — of  how  many  more  it  will 
be  interesting  to  discover — thus  conferring  a  double 
benefit  in  relieving  the  Great  Powers  of  temptations 
to  conflict  and  'the  small  nations  of  the  burdens  of 
defense.  The  consequent  commercial  prosperity 
and  social  welfare  of  such  nations  suggests  the 
desirability  of  adding  Italy  and  Spain  and  other 
nations  to  their  number,  and  so  reducing  war  areas 
outside  "the  Five  Courts"  to  territory  that  is  or 
has  been  a  part  of  Turkey  in  Europe.  As  the 
Powers  have  long  pretended  to  control  there,  why 
not  really  do  it  by  a  Hague  Executive  Commission  ? 

Why  should  the  status  of  Alsace-Lorraine  for- 
ever threaten  the  peace  of  the  world?  Russia,  Aus- 
tria, and  Britain,  when  with  Germany  they  adjusted 
the  geography  of  Europe  in  the  Treaty  of  Paris 
after  the  abdication  of  conquered  Napoleon,  refused 
to  give  Alsace-Lorraine  to  Germany  in  what  was 
intended  'to  be  and  proved  to  be  the  interests  of 
European  peace.  Much  more  to-day  the  interests  of 
International  commerce  also  demand  that  the  Powers 
should  compel  Germany  to  submit  that  deadly  inter- 
national sore  to  the  arbitration  of  the  Hague  Court. 
If  the  provinces  should  be  given  back  to  France  it 
would  be  only  what  Wellington  successfully  advised 
in  1814,  only  what  Bismarck  unsuccessfully  advised 
in  1870.  Germany  might  easily  save  the  value  of 


Is  it  feasible  and 
desirable  for  the 
Great  Powers  to 
guarantee  the  neu- 
trality of  allothers? 


.56 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Did  the  exten- 
sion of  the  United 
States  of  America 
to  Asia  by  the 
acquisition  of  the 
Philippines  weaken 
the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine, and,  if  so  or 
for  other  reasons, 
is  the  retention  of 
the  Philippines  de- 
sirable? 

Is  the  American 
proposal,  made  at 
the  Hague  Confer- 
ence of  1907  in 
behalf  of  South 
American  Repub- 
lics, that  debts  shall 
not  be  collected  by 
force  until  the 
amount  of  the  debt 
and  the  time  al- 
lowed for  payment 
have  been  deter- 
mined by  arbitra- 
tion, a  just  and  wise 
proposal?  (So 
voted  by  Hague 
Conference,  1907.) 


the  provinces  in  reduced  armaments  when  the  con- 
stant peril  of  French  "revenge"  was  removed  from 
her  borders. 

As  to  the  uncivilized  and  half-civilized  portions 
.  of  the  world,  there  have  been  three  Brussels  Con- 
ferences of  European  colonizing  Powers  as  to 
Africa,  and  Britain  earlier  proposed  a  treaty  as  to 
Oceanica.  Of  these  we  shall  speak  in  detail  later, 
but  it  is  pertinent  to  say  here  that  one  important 
function  of  a  Hague  Executive  Commission  might 
be  to  insist  that  everywhere,  even  in  South  America, 
there  shall  be  efficient  government  in  accord  with 
civilized  conceptions  of  human  rights.  Where  this 
is  lacking,  and  the  failure  to  protect  foreign  mer- 
chants or  missionaries  might  afford  a  pretext  for 
some  nation  to  make  war  in  its  own  separate  inter- 
ests, the  Executive  Commission  of  The  Hague 
should  establish  a  Protectorate  to  be  continued  until 
an  adequate  native  government  could  be  established 
and  neutralized,  or  the  area  thus  governed  could  be 
annexed  to  some  other  Government  in  the  interest, 
not  of  that  country  alone  but  of  the  world. 

If  the  United  States  is  to  maintain  the  Monroe 
Doctrine  and  bar  all  European  Governments  from 
establishing  additional  colonies  or  protectorates  on 
the  American  continent,  even  where  the  property 
interests  of  Germans  or  some  other  European  people 
are  paramount,  it  would  seem  necessary  that  some 
Concert  of  American  Republics  should  undertake 
to  provide  protection  of  life  and  property  in  coun- 
tries where  disorder  is  chronic,  and  should  see  that 
debts  to  Europe  are  paid,  lest  they  become  the 
occasions  not  only  of  naval  demonstrations  and 
bombardments,  but  of  actual  war,  conquest  and 
annexation. 


IV.-LAWS  OF  INTERNATIONAL  COMMERCE 


Commercial  interests,  more  than  all  others, 
prompt  joint  action  of  nations  in  war  and  peace. 
The  trade  relations  of  New  York,  London  and 
Paris  to  -  day  are  more  intimate  than  those  of 
London,  Birmingham  and  Liverpool  a  century  ago. 
The  very  numerous  agreements  made  by  three  or 
more  nations,  by  conferences  or  correspondence, 
with  reference  to  international  commerce  would 
form  an  interesting  study,  especially  for  a  commer- 
cial college  or  school  of  diplomacy,  but  we  can 
only  enumerate  a  few  examples  by  way  of  explain- 
ing and  illustrating  this  branch  of  Internationalism. 

In  1780  there  was  formed  what  was  called  "the 
Armed  Neutrality,"  succeeded  in  1800  by  "the 
Northern  Maritime  League,"  in  which  Russia, 
Sweden,  Denmark  and  Prussia  joined,  whose  pur- 
pose was  to  resist  the  seizure  of  goods  not  contra- 
band of  war,  under  a  neutral  flag,  even  though  the 
goods  might  belong  to  the  citizens  of  a  nation  at 
war.  The  issue  had  been  raised  by  the  confiscation 
by  Great  Britain  during  its  war  with  the  American 
Colonies  of  goods  owned  by  Americans  or  destined 
for  them.  It  was  not  disputed  that  goods  for  use 
in  the  war  might  be  seized,  or  a  ship  entering  a 
blockaded  port.  Great  Britain  did  not  yield  to  this 
contention  till  1856.  (See  below.) 

The   co-operation   of   nations   against   piracy   is 

37 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 


Are  privateering 
and  the  division  of 
prizes  captured  in 
war  at  sea  kin- 
dred to  piracy  and 
unworthy  of  a  civ- 
ilized nation? 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Would  not  an 
international  agree- 
ment that  private 
property  shall  be 
inviolable  at  sea  as 
it  is  on  land,  as 
proposed  by  United 
States  delegates  at 
The  Hague,  pro- 
mote war  by  lessen- 
ing its  deterrents  ? 

Was  Britain's 
proposal  at  that 
Conference  wise 
and  just — that  the 
use  of  torpedoes 
should  be  limited  to 
recognized  war- 
ships ? 

Is  it  practicable 
and  desirable  to 
establish  at  The 
Hague  an  interna- 
tional neutral  prize 
court  as  a  court  of 
appeal  in  war  time 
in  case  of  the  seiz- 
ure of  vessels  be- 
lieved to  have  con- 
traband of  war  on 
board?  (So  voted 
at  Hague  Confer- 
ence, 1907.) 

Should  the  de- 
struction of  cap- 
tured neutral  ves- 
sels in  advance  of 
condemnation  by  a 
prize  court  be  for- 
bidden by  interna- 
tional law  ?  (So 
voted,  same.) 

Should  the  bom- 
bardment of  unfor- 
tified places  be  for- 
bidden? (So  voted, 
same.) 

Should  the  trans- 
formation of  mer- 
chant vessels  into 
war-ships  be  lim- 
ited to  their  home 
ports? 


worthy  of  study  as  another  important  subject  of 
international  action  in  the  interest  of  the  world's 
commerce. 

In  1836  was  consummated  the  Zollverein,  or 
Customs  Union,  in  which  all  German  -  speaking 
States  except  Austria  joined. 

In  1856  at  a  Conference  of  Nations  in  Paris,  the 
free  navigation  of  the  Danube  was  agreed  upon  by 
the  Great  Powers,  and  also  the  abolition  of  priva- 
teering. It  was  also  agreed  that  the  goods  of  a 
hostile  nation,  other  than  contraband  of  war,  should 
be  safe  under  a  neutral  flag. 

The  experiences  of  the  war  between  Russia  and 
Japan,  when  Russia  risked  provoking  Britain  and 
other  nations  to  join  the  foe  by  the  seizure  of  goods 
under  neutral  flags  that  it  was  plain  were  not  con- 
traband of  war,  showed  the  need  of  more  specific 
international  law  on  this  subject  and  sent  the 
matter  to  the  Hague  Conference  of  1907,  where 
some  progress  was  made  by  discussion ;  but  a  world- 
wide discussion  must  precede  satisfactory  action  in 
some  later  conference. 

In  1865  the  Latin  Monetary  Union  was  inter- 
nationally constituted  to  fix  the  interchangeable 
value  of  francs  and  related  coins,  doubtless  with 
reference  to  ridding  Europe  of  such  a  shark  tribe 
of  money-changers  as  infests  China,  promoting  dis- 
honesty and  disturbing  international  trade  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  justify  the  Powers  that  co-operated 
in  the  march  on  Pekin  in  insisting  upon  a  stable  and 
uniform  coinage. 

In  1865  the  International  Telegraphic  Union 
was  also  constituted,  regulating  international  tel- 
egrams. 

In  1866  the  European  meridian  was  fixed  by 
a  Conference  of  Nations  at  Berlin. 


Laws  of  International  Commerce 


39 


In  1868  there  was  a  Meteorological  Conference 
of  Nations  at  Vienna. 

In  1874  the  Universal  Postal  Union  was  estab- 
lished at  Berne,  by  which  a  uniform  rate  of  postage 
for  foreign  mail  was  fixed  for  nearly  all  the  civilized 
world,  including  the  low  rate  of  one  cent,  or  a  half- 
penny, for  two  ounces  of  printed  matter,  by  which 
a  world-wide  distribution  of  literature  for  any  inter- 
national cause  is  made  feasible. 

In  1875  the  International  Bureau  of  Weights 
and  Measures  was  constituted  by  another  Confer- 
ence of  Nations. 

In  1877  international  health  regulations  were 
agreed  upon  at  a  Brussels  Conference  of  Nations, 
and  in  the  same  year  and  city  international  action 
was  taken  to  regulate  exploration  in  Africa. 

In  1883  such  a  Conference  dealt  with  the  pro- 
tection of  patents. 

In  1884  yet  another  provided  protection  for  sub- 
marine cables. 

In  1886  another  dealt  with  copyrights. 

In  1906  in  Berlin  another  Conference  dealt  with 
wireless  telegraphy.  It  was  reported  in  1902  that 
Russia  contemplated  calling  an  International  Con- 
ference to  regulate  trusts.  Undoubtedly  such  a 
conference  must  some  time  be  held. 

Among  the  subjects  upon  which  further  world 
legislation  is  probable  may  be  named  sanitation, 
customs  regulations,  copyrights  and  trade-marks, 
currency,  travel,  scientific  co-operation,  protection 
of  the  lives  and  persons  of  leading  officials. 

The  Hague  Conference  of  1907  sought  to  add 
to  previous  international  mitigations  of  the  vast 
injury  done  to  the  world's  commerce  whenever  two 
great  nations  attempt  to  settle  a  quarrel  by  force 


Is  it  the  best  pol- 
icy or  even  practi- 
cable for  a  nation 
to  make  its  fiscal 
policy  with  a  view 
to  the  greatest  good 
of  mankind  at 
large? 


Is  the  single  gold 
standard  essential 
to  the  prosperity  of 
International  Com- 
merce, and  should 
its  gradual  adop- 
tion everywhere  be 
insisted  on  by  the 
Powers? 

Is  the  American 
protective  policy  as 
favorable  to  Na- 
tional Commerce 
when  domestic  and 
foreign  trade  are 
considered,  as  the 
British  policy  of 
Free  Trade? 


4°  The  Science  of  Internationalism 


instead  of  reason.*  Now  that  in  every  great  port 
there  is  property  of  many  nations  liable  to  destruc- 
tion in  the  case  of  bombardment,  and  on  every  sea 
neutral  ships  liable  to  delay,  if  not  to  destruction, 
it  cannot  be  that  the  great  commercial  forces,  which 
in  this  age  of  representative  government  are  able 
to  control  cabinets,  will  much  longer  allow  two  com- 
batants to  engage  in  the  folly  of  a  fight  at  the  cost 
of  the  whole  world. 

In  New  Zealand  the  people  have  learned  that 
the  quarrels  of  labor  and  capital  are  'threefold  and 
involve  the  general  public  also  and  most  of  all,  and 
so  compulsory  arbitration  has  been  successfully 
established,  and  "the  Land  without  Strikes,"  from 
being  an  ideal,  has  become  a  reality.  Why  may  not 
the  Concert  of  Great  Powers  or  another  session  of 
the  Hague  Court  establish  compulsory  arbitration 
for  all  nations,  and  so  in  the  Twentieth  Christian 
Century  realize  the  practicable  ideal  of  A  WORLD 
WITHOUT  WAR? 

One  way  in  which  international  peace  and  inter- 
national commerce  will  both  be  promoted  will  be  by 
an  international  agreement  of  commercial  bodies 
first,  then  of  governments,  to  make  Esperanto  the 
language  of  international  communication.  It  is  not 
proposed  as  a  substitute  for  anyone's  native  tongue, 
but  for  a  "second  language."  All  who  have  met 
kindred  spirits  speaking  other  tongues  at  the 
increasingly  numerous  international  conventions 
appreciate  the  great  service  such  a  language  would 
render  if  adopted  as  the  world  convention  language, 
which  a  delegate  could  learn  while  voyaging  to  the 
convention.  Those  who  travel  much  or  have  much 
to  do  with  travelers  will  see  at  once  its  value  as 

*  See  magazines  of  1907,  June  to  December,  for  discus- 
sions of  proposals  and  agreements. 


Laws  of  International   Commerce 


a  "travelers'  language."  The  great  reduction  of 
expense  and  increase  of  efficiency  it  would  bring  to 
commercial  establishments  having  foreign  trade  will 
most  of  all  compel  its  adoption  as  the  language  of 
international  .commerce.  If,  instead  of  hiring  some 
costly  translator  to  read  and  answer  every  foreign 
letter,  it  were  generally  agreed,  through  votes  of 
Chambers  of  Commerce,  'that  commercial  letters 
going  to  lands  speaking  another  tongue  should  be 
in  Esperanto,  one  or  more  clerks  of  each  inter- 
national house  would  learn  this  easiest  of  languages, 
and  not  only  save  the  cost  but  also  the  delay  and 
inconvenience  of  using  highly  educated  and  so  high- 
priced  translators.  When  commercial  bodies  so 
agree  they  will  be  able  to  induce  their  Governments 
to  provide  that  in  every  embassy  or  consulate  some 
one  shall  be  able  to  speak  and  write  Esperanto.  It 
will  so  become  the  language  of  diplomacy.  Its 
adoption  for  international  travel  and  international 
conventions  will  speedily  follow,  and  for  large 
groups  of  international  men  the  work  of  P>abel  will 
be  undone.  (See  Appendix.) 


Would  the  adop- 
tion of  Esperanto 
as  the  language  of 
International  Com- 
merce and  Conven- 
tions and  diplo- 
macy and  travel  be 
feasible  and  desir- 
able? 


V.-INTERNATIONAL  PHILANTHROPY 
OF  NATIONS 


The  official  philanthropy  of  nations  does  not  yet 
make  much  of  a  chapter,  though  every  earthquake 
and  famine  shows  increasing  "humanity"  in  all 
parts  of  the  world,  which  is  sure  to  find  more  and 
more  governmental  expression. 

The  brightest  paragraph  contributed  to  this 
chapter  by  any  official  conference  of  nations  comes 
from  the  Geneva  Convention  of  the  Red  Cross,  an 
international  agreement,  now  recognized  by  all 
civilized  countries,  to  neutralize  the  hospital  and 
surgeon  and  nurse  amid  the  horrors  of  battle.  There 
are  a  few  other  rules  of  war  'that  aim  to  humanize 
and  civilize  to  some  degree  this  relic  of  barbarism. 
A  careful  study  of  the  Hague  Court  of  1907  (see 
page  32)  will  show  that  its  work  was  aimed  chiefly 
not  to  the  accomplishment  of  peace  or  even  arbitra- 
tion, but  rather  toward  mitigating  the  horrors  and 
especially  the  commercial  embarrassments  of  war. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  trace  in  the  blue  books 
of  Great  Britain  and  in  older  records,  the  evolution 
of  modern  warfare  from  the  time  when  defeated 
foes  were  massacred  or  enslaved  —  men,  women, 
and  children  —  and  note  by  what  influences  more 
humane  rules  and  customs  have  been  established, 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 


Should  interna- 
tional law  rule  out 
the  use  of  such 
high  explosives  as 
dynamite? 


43 


44 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Would  it  be  feas- 
ible for  nations 
favoring  compul- 
sory arbitration 
among  nations  to 
enforce  this  method 
of  settling  disputes 
by  excluding  im- 
ports of  nations 
refusing  to  accept 
such  a  settlement? 


until  a  chivalric  conqueror  returns  the  sword  of  a 
valiant   though   vanquished   foe. 

The  Great  Powers  missed  a  splendid  opportunity 
for  philanthropic  action  when  in  the  conference  of 
monarchs  and  ministers  that  met  in  Paris  on  the 
overthrow  of  Napoleon,  the  P>ritish  Minister,  im- 
pelled by  the  insistent  anti-slavery  sentiment  of  the 
British  people,  that  in  1807  had  abolished  the  British 
slave  trade,  asked  the  Powers  to  unite  in  suppressing 
the  slave  trade  at  sea.  European  despots,  busy  in 
dividing  the  spoils  of  empire  recovered  from 
Napoleon,  were  not  willing  to  exert  themselves  to 
relieve  the  sufferings  of  kidnapped  negroes,  and  so 
the  proposal  failed,  though  a  solemn  condemnation 
of  the  trade  as  contrary  to  civilization  and  human 
rights  was  adopted  by  the  Congress  in  February, 
1815.  It  should  be  said  also  that  Sweden  had  pro- 
hibited the  slave  traffic  in  1813,  and  Holland  in  the 
following  year.  It  is  important  to  note  here  as  a 
contribution  to  the  study  of  World  Government, 
that  so  great  a  statesman  and  diplomat  as  Castle- 
reagh,  on  behalf  of  the  British  Cabinet  proposed 
that  the  universal  suppression  of  the  slave  trade 
should  be  committed  to  a  "Council  of  Ambassadors 
at  London  and  Paris,"  and  that  slave  dealing  states 
should  be  punished  by  an  exclusion  of  their  exports 
from  all  the  nations  co-operating  in  the  movement. 
Here  we  see  a  powerful  and  constitutional  method 
that  might  be  used  by  the  nations  in  favor  of  arbi- 
tration to  compel  others  to  accept  that  method  for 
settling  their  disputes.  France  alone  agreed  to 
unite  efforts  with  Great  Britain  for  a  general  sup- 
pression of  the  trade.  Portugal  would  only  agree 
to  a  slight  restriction.  Spain  was  eager  to  get  the 


International  Philanthropy  of  Nations  45 

lion's  share  of  the  slave  trade  which  Great  Britain 
had  given  up.  But  though  the  effort  in  Paris 
seemed  to  be  almost  a  failure,  it  was,  no  doubt,  the 
beginning  of  the  end,  for  it  set  at  work  against  this 
great  wrong  the  irresistible  power  of  international 
Christian  sentiment,  and  by  diplomatic  steps  that  it 
would  be  interesting  to  trace,  the  slaver  was  driven 
with  the  pirate  to  the  limbo  of  crimes  against  civil- 
ization. 

This  book  takes  no  account,  except  incidentally, 
of  separate  or  merely  dual  action  of  nations,  aiming 
only  to  present  such  internationalism  as  involves 
past  or  proposed  action  of  at  least  three  govern- 
ments, but  the  emancipation  of  slaves,  which  swept 
the  Christian  world  as  a  second  wave,  following  that 
of  popular  government,  in  the  middle  third  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  comes  near  to  being  a  "Concert" 
of  nations.  A  tide  of  sentiment  led  all  Christian 
nations  to  take  like  action  about  the  same  time. 
Men  who  have  felt  the  swirl  of  the  mighty  "senti- 
ment" that  swept  slavery  out  of  Christendom  will 
hardly  speak  of  "sentiment"  as  a  trifle  to  be  brushed 
aside  by  a  sneer.  When  I  said  to  Senator  Henry 
Cabot  Lodge,  of  Massachusetts,  on  asking  him  to 
get  a  certain  philanthropic  and  reformatory  meas- 
ure passed  as  the  first  act  of  the  United  States 
Senate  in  the  twentieth  century,  "Perhaps  that  may 
seem  too  much  a  matter  of  sentiment,"  he  replied 
earnestly,  as  the  memory  of  New  England's  battle 
with  slavery  no  doubt  came  strongly  to  mind, 
"  SENTIMENT  is  THE  MIGHTIEST  THING  IN 

THE    WORLD." 

As  the  might  of  sentiment  makes  itself  increas- 
ingly felt  this  chapter  of  international  history  will 


46  The  Science  of  Internationalism 


grow.     The  righting  of  Congo  wrongs  should  be 
its  next  paragraph. 

It  is  clearly  recognized  that  "there  exists  a  moral 
duty  and  obligation  imposed  on  all  civilized  coun- 
tries to  aid  in  maintaining  that  international  public 
opinion  on  which  even  international  law  itself  rests. 
Each  Government  has  the  privilege  of  submitting 
to  any  other  Government  respectful  petitions  and 
representations  which,  in  terms  and  language  to 
which  no  exception  can  be  taken,  affirm  and  apply 
to  some  specific  case  of  persecution  the  claims  of 
humanity  and  religious  freedbm  to  which  all  coun- 
tries subscribe,  however  they  may  sometimes  be  set 
at  naught." 

In  1872  Andrew  Curtin,  then  American  Ambas- 
sador to  St.  Petersburg,  was  instructed  to  express 
to  Russia  "as  a  protecting  Power"  "the  sympathy 
we  entertain  for  the  inhumanly  persecuted  Jews  in 
the  principalities  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia" — now 
Roumania — since  "the  grievance  adverted  to  is  so 
enormous  as  to  impart  to  it,  as  it  were,  a  cosmo- 
politan character,  in  the  redress  of  which  all  coun- 
tries, Governments  and  creeds  are  alike  interested." 

In  1880  Mr.  Evarts,  American  Secretary  of 
State  under  President  Hayes,  proclaimed  the  right 
of  the  United  States  "to  make  public  at  the  proper 
time  and  through  legitimate  channels  its  sentiments 
and  the  sentiments  of  its  citizens  on  great  wrongs" 
committed  anywhere ;  while  James  G.  Blaine,  Amer- 
ican Secretary  of  State,  in  1881  even  urged  that  in 
protesting  against  the  proscription  of  the  Hebrew 
creed  when  held  by  an  American  citizen  this  coun- 
try had  to  consider  its  "moral  duty  to  our  own 
citizens  and  to  the  doctrine  of  religious  freedom," 


International  Philanthropy  of  Nations  47 

"even  at  the  risk  of  criticism  of  the  municipal  laws 
of  other  States."  Ten  years  later  our  legation  at 
St.  Petersburg  was  pointing  out  that  a  persecution 
which  drove  the  pauper  and  panic-stricken  to  our 
shores  could  not  be  regarded  as  limited  in  its  effects 
to  "the  internal  regulation  of  Russia. 


VI.-INTERNATIONAL  LEGISLATION  FOR 
MARKETS  AND  MORALS 


International  action  relating  only  to  commerce 
belongs  in  the  fourth  chapter,  and  international 
action  on  purely  moral  questions  goes  into  the 
seventh  chapter.  Here  we  discuss  only  agreements 
of  three  or  more  nations  where  interests  both  "moral 
and  material"  are  involved.  Those  two  words  were 
combined  in  the  first  of  a  series  of  treatise  on  the 
sale  of  intoxicants  to  savages,  made  by  seventeen 
nations,  which  thus  recognized  impressively  and 
suggestively  the  fundamental  law  of  an  ethical 
universe,  that  only  what  is  morally  right  can  be 
politically  or  commercially  expedient. 

In  1890  the  first  international  action  was  taken 
toward  withholding  the  white  men's  rum  from  the 
uncivilized  races  --  an  action  no  doubt  prompted 
more  by  the  interests  of  markets  than  of  morals 
and  missions,  though  it  helped  all  these.  The  Congo 
country  had  just  been  opened  to  the  world  by 
Stanley.  Wise  traders  desired  to  abolish  slavery 
and  to  shut  out  firearms  in  this  new  market.  The 
reform  and  missionary  societies  of  Great  Britain, 
with  distinguished  support  by  intelligent  commercial 
leaders,  seized  the  opportunity  to  introduce  the 
question  of  the  deeper  slavery  of  intoxicants,  and 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 


Does  moral  right 
always  coincide 
with  commercial 
and  political  expe- 
diency in  the  long 
run? 


49 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Is  the  liquor  traf- 
fic everywhere  a 
foe  to  industrial 
efficiency  and  busi- 
ness prosperity? 


Is  the  Christian 
religion  one  of  the 
total  abstinence  re- 
ligions? 


by  uniting  in  a  Native  Races  Committee  induced 
the  British  Government  to  propose  for  the  treaty 
drawn  in  that  year  by  the  Brussels  Conference  a 
paragraph  prohibiting  the  sale  of  distilled  liquors 
altogether  within  boundaries  corresponding  closely 
to  those  of  the  Congo  Free  State.  It  was  expressly 
said  in  paragraph  ninety  of  the  treaty,  that  this 
action  was  taken  on  account  of  the  "moral  and 
material  consequences  to  zvhich  the  abuse  of 
spirituous  liquors  subjects  the  native  population." 

Thus  seventeen  nations  enacted  the  first  inter- 
national prohibitory  law,  and  wrote  in  the  heart  of 
Africa,  "Zone  de  Prohibition,"  avowedly  in  the 
interests  of  commerce  as  well  as  morals.  Although 
many  criticisms  have  been  made  of  the  administra- 
tion of  the  Congo  Free  State,  it  is  universally 
admitted  that  this  first  international  prohibitory  law 
has  been  well  enforced.  It  is  a  strong  commercial 
argument  for  prohibition  that  King  Leopold  has 
recognized  that  if  the  negroes  get  rum  they  will 
bring  in  less  rubber — a  principle  that  is  not  confined 
to  the  Congo  country.  Everywhere,  the  more  intoxi- 
cants, the  less  industrial  efficiency. 

In  the  course  of  two  years  this  Brussels  treaty 
was  ratified  by  seventeen  nations,  namely,  Germany, 
Belgium,  Spain,  the  Congo  Free  State,  France,  Great 
Britain,  Italy,  Holland,  Portugal,  Austria,  Sweden, 
Norway,  Turkey,  Persia,  United  States,  Zanzibar. 
Persia  and  Turkey  are  prohibitory,  because  Moham- 
medan countries. 

In  1899,  another  Brussels  Conference  met,  this 
time  to  consider  only  the  question  of  liquors  in 
Africa.  It  was  the  most  weighty  temperance  con- 
vention in  history,  for  it  was  made  up  entirely  of 
delegates  appointed  by  the  great  governments  of 
the  world.  This  convention  attempted  to  extend 


International  Legislation  for  Markets  and  Morals 


the  protection  of  trade  and  morals  against  the  white 
men's  rum  to  nearly  the  whole  of  Africa — all  except 
the  north  African  countries,  in  which  the  natives 
were  already  protected  by  Mohammedan  law,  and 
South  Africa,  where  the  sale  of  intoxicants  to 
natives  was  generally  prohibited  by  British  law,  in 
accordance  with  the  express  desire  of  the  better 
class  of  traders,  who  saw  that  when  the  gin-seller 
was  admitted  to  an  African  village  all  other  trades 
suffered,  for  he  killed,  first  the  buying  power,  and 
then  the  buyers  themselves. 

The  method  adopted  at  this  second  Brussels 
Conference,  however,  though  well-intentioned,  was 
an  ineffective  one.  It  was  thought  to  keep  the 
liquor  away  from  the  savages  by  raising  the  tax, 
to  a  point  theoretically  "prohibitive"  -  seventy 
francs  per  hectoliter.  Great  Britain  desired  to  make 
it  a  hundred  francs,  but  was  defeated  by  the  opposi- 
tion of  Portugal,  sustained  by  Germany.  The  testi- 
mony of  missionaries  shows  that  the  increased  tax 
did  not  prevent  a  disastrous  increase  of  the  con- 
sumption of  liquors  by  African  natives ;  but  the 
action  was  nevertheless  a  sign  of  progress  in  that 
the  nations  recognized  the  evil  influence  of  the  traffic 
and  the  duty  of  governments  to  deal  with  it.  The 
treaty  was  ratified  by  the  nations  named  above, 
except  Austria,  Persia,  and  Zanzibar.  The  latter 
had  been  absorbed  in  the  British  Empire.  If  Russia, 
which  also  ratified  this  second  treaty,  be  substituted 
for  Austria,  the  order  in  which  the  nations  are 
named  above  will  be  that  of  the  ratifications  of  the 
second  treaty. 

In  1900  an  active  crusade  against  the  sale  of  the 
white  men's  rum  and  opium  in  missionary  lands 
was  begun  in  the  United  States,  promoted  by  the 
fact  that  the  Governments  of  the  world  were  seek- 


Is  it  the  duty  of 
Christian  churches 
to  make  the  pro- 
motion of  absti- 
nence and  prohibi- 
tion a  prominent 
part  of  their  regu- 
lar work  ? 


Is  a  revenue  fea- 
ture unfavorable  to 
restriction  in  li- 
cense laws? 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Are  the  white 
men's  riim  and 
opium  serious  hin- 
drances to  mis- 
sionary work,  and 
should  the  removal 
of  these  evils  there- 
fore be  made  a  sub- 
ject for  discussion 
and  effort  in  ail 
missionary  socie- 
ties? 


Is  the  prohibi- 
tion or  restriction 
of  distilled  liquors 
only,  in  Africa  or 
elsewhere,  consist- 
ent with  the  facts 
of  science  and 
experience  as  to 
vinous  and  malt 
liquors? 


ing,  as  above  stated,  to  repress  liquor  -  selling  in 
savage  districts  that  were  also  mission  fields,  and 
by  the  announcement  of  an  Ecumenical  Conference 
of  Missions  which  was  to  be  held  in  New  York- 
early  in  that  year. 

At  that  time  the  United  States  alone  of  first- 
class  nations  had  not  ratified  the  Treaty  of  1899, 
which,  though  insufficient,  was  a  step  in  advance 
and  was  entitled  to  ratification  in  every  country 
invited  to  adhere  to  the  Convention. 

The  first  steps  in  the  American  Crusade,  inaugu- 
rated by  the  International  Reform  Bureau  with  the 
active  aid  of  the  Misses  Mary  and  Margaret  W. 
Leitch,  who  had  served  efficiently  as  missionaries 
in  Ceylon,  was  to  get  the  subject  of  liquors  and 
opium  as  hindrances,  to  Missions  into  the  program 
of  the  Ecumenical  Conference,  in  whose  first  draft 
this  subject,  strangely  enough,  did  not  appear.  The 
National  Temperance  Society  also  urged  the  intro 
duction  of  this  theme.  The  matter  having  been 
thus  pressed  upon  the  Program  Committee,  Dr. 
Theodore  L.  Cuyler  and  afterwards  Dr.  John  G. 
Paton,  of  the  New  Hebrides,  were  appointed  to 
present  the  subject  in  the  Conference,  and  a  "Sup- 
plementary Meeting"  was  also  held  in  Calvary  Bap- 
tist Church,  New  York,  in  which  the  platform 
participants  were  Dr.  Paton  and  Miss  Margaret  W. 
Leitch,  already  named ;  Hon.  Samuel  B.  Capen, 
President  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners 
for  Foreign  Missions ;  Dr.  Arthur  T.  Pierson, 
editor  of  The  Missionary  Review;  Principal  C.  Har- 
ford  Battersby,  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Native 
Races  Committee  of  Great  Britain ;  Revs.  O.  H. 
and  T.  L.  Gulick,  American  Board  Missionaries, 
and  Dr.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts.  This  meeting  gave 
strong  impetus  to  the  new  movement,  especially  by 


International  Legislation  for  Markets  and  Morals 


the  circulation  of  the  above  -  named  speeches  in 
print,  which  passed  the  hundred-thousand  mark. 

If  there  be  anyone  who  has  never  thought  of 
foreign  missions  as  a  branch  of  one  of  the  great 
sciences  about  which  everyone  claiming  to  be  edu- 
cated should  have  full  and  accurate  information— 
not  mere  rumors  of  prejudiced  critics — surely  such 
a  one  has  need  to  be  reminded  that  in  the  fields 
of  discovery,  of  language,  of  commerce,  of  philan- 
thropy, and  especially  of  international  relations,  the 
missionary  has  often  done  great  service  in  addition 
in  his  evangelistic  work.*  In  this  chapter  the  close 
relation  of  missions  to  commerce  is  illustrated. 

The  effect  of  this  circulation  of  literature  and 
of  numerous  meetings  was  seen  at  once  on  the 
assembling  of  the  American  Congress  in  that  year. 
On  December  3d  President  McKinley  recom- 
mended action  by  the  United  States,  separately  and 
also  in  unison  with  other  Governments,  to  complete 
the  suppression  of  liquor-selling  among  uncivilized 
races.  On  December  5th,  the  Senate's  Foreign 
Affairs  Committee  granted  the  International  Reform 
r.urcau  a  hearing  on  the  subject,  in  which  Bishop 
J.  C.  Hartzell,  of  Africa,  was  heard,  and  the  ratifi- 
cation by  the  United  States  of  the  Treaty  of  1899 
was  recommended.  This  ratification  took  place  on 
December  I4th,  a  fitting  conclusion  of  the  nineteenth 
century  in  a  Christian  nation. 

On  January  4,  1901,  the  Senate  with  equal 
fitness  began  the  twentieth  Christian  century  by 
adopting,  on  motion  of  Senator  Lodge,  the  follow- 
ing resolution,  drawn  by  the  International  Reform 


Should  the  Amer- 
ican and  Canadian 
policy  of  prohibit- 
ing the  sale  of  all 
intoxicants  to  Indi- 
ans be  applied  in 
all  countries  to 
similar  aboriginal 
races? 


*  See  two  great  volumes  of  Dr.  James  S.  Dennis  on 
"Christian  Missions  and  Social  Progress"  (Revell).  Send 
also  to  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  3  West  Twenty-ninth  Street,  New 
York,  U.  S.  A.,  for  report  of  its  work  in  Asia. 


54  The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Bureau,  which  has  been  the  banner  and  platform 
of  the  Crusade  since  then : 

"RESOLVED,  THAT  IN  THE  OPINION  OF  THIS 
BODY  THE  TIME  HAS  COME  WHEN  THE  PRINCIPLE 
TWICE  AFFIRMED  IN  INTERNATIONAL  TREATIES  FOR 
CENTRAL  AFRICA,  THAT  NATIVE  RACES  SHOULD  BE 
PROTECTED  AGAINST  THE  DESTRUCTIVE  TRAFFIC  IN 
INTOXICANTS,  SHOULD  BE  EXTENDED  TO  ALL  CIVI- 
LIZED PEOPLES  BY  THE  ENACTMENT  OF  SUCH  LAWS 
AND  MAKING  OF  SUCH  TREATIES  AS  WILL  EFFECTU- 
ALLY PROHIBIT  THE  SALE  BY  THE  SIGNATORY 
POWERS  TO  ABORIGINAL  TRIBES  AND  UNCIVILIZED 
RACES  OF  OPIUM  AND  INTOXICATING  BEVERAGES." 

It  should  be  mentioned  in  this  connection  that 
on  January  1st  the  century  had  been  fitly  initiated 
in  the  Philippine  Islands,  where  the  sun  of  the  new 
century  first  greeted  the  American  flag,  by  the  put- 
ting into  force  of  a  license  law  that  prohibited 
the  newly  opened  saloons  of  white  men  from  selling 
intoxicants  to  the  native  Filipinos,  leaving  them  only 
their  native  shops,  which  they  had  seldom  abused. 
On  the  same  day  ex-President  Harrison  wrote  a 
strong  letter  to  the  International  Reform  Bureau 
in  support  of  the  Crusade. 

In  March  of  the  same  year,  by  action  of  the 
Navy  Department,  liquor-selling  was  suppressed  in 
our  new  island  of  Tutuila,  one  of  the  Samoan  group, 
where  it  had  been  temporarily  introduced  by  the 
American  vice-consul  among  a  native  people  who 
were  unaccustomed  to  its  use  and  fully  content  to 
live  without  it.  On  December  3d  of  that  year  Pres- 
ident Roosevelt,  in  his  first  message,  gave  strong 
indorsement  to  this  movement  for  the  protection 
of  native  races. 


International  Legislation  for  Markets  and  Morah 


55 


HEARING     BEFORE     SECRETARY     HAY     IN     BEHALF     OF 
UNCIVILIZED    RACES. 

On  December  6th  there  was  an  impressive  hear- 
ing before  Secretary  Hay  in  behalf  of  the  proposal 
to  submit  a  treaty  to  other  Powers  in  accordance 
with  the  Senate  resolution. 

Secretary  Hay  immediately  gave  his  approval 
to  the  proposition,  and  six  days  afterwards  wrote 
to  the  Chairman  of  the  Native  Races  Deputation, 
Dr.  S.  L.  Baldwin,  that  inasmuch  as  the  British 
Government  had  previously  been  the  leader  in  this 
movement,  the  President  had  decided  to  ask  that 
Government  to  join  with  ours  in  submitting  a  treaty 
to  other  Powers  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicants 
and  opium  to  all  civilized  races.  Unfortunately  the 
British  Government  failed  to  make  a  favorable  reply 
at  that  time  to  this  great  proposal,  partly  because 
the  Boer  War  had  absorbed  its  energies. 


CHINA  S   RELEASE   FROM    OPIUM    PROPOSED. 

China  of  course  is  not  to  be  counted  among 
uncivilized  countries,  having  had  an  orderly  govern- 
ment and  literature  when  Europeans  were  yet  sav- 
ages; but  the  battle  for  the  release  of  China  from 
opium  has  been  prosecuted  side  by  side  with  the 
effort  to  save  the  uncivilized  races  from  both  rum 
and  opium.  The  matter  has  become  the  subject 
of  international  action  by  seven  great  Powers,  as 
we  shall  show  later,  and  so  the  steps  leading  to 
that  action  are  a  part  of  the  science  of  internation- 
alism. It  should  be  said  that  the  British  anti-opium 
societies  had  been  seeking  for  half  a  century  to 
right  Britain's  wrong  in  forcing  opium  upon  China 


Was  the  Boxer 
uprising  justified 
by  the  wrongs  done 
to  China  by  Euro- 
pean Governments  ? 


Is  the  sending  of 
missionaries  to 
Japan  and  China 
justified  by  the  con- 
dition of  the  peo- 
ple and  the  results 
achieved? 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 

by  the  three  anti-opium  wars  of  1840,  1858  and  1861, 
and  what  is  here  described  is  the  bringing  in  of 
international  reinforcements. 

From  this  point  the  two  crusades  will  be  seen 
in  frequent  juxtaposition. 

In  1902  the  Boxer  uprising  in  China,  which  it 
was  foreseen  would  reopen  international  questions 
relating  to  that  country  when  the  war  should  end, 
led  the  Misses  Leitch  to  secure  the  signatures  of 
the  secretaries  of  thirty-three  American  missionary 
societies",  representing  nearly  all  the  Protestant 
evangelical  churches,  to  a  petition  that  our  Govern- 
ment would  use  its  "good  offices"  with  the  British 
Government  to  secure  release  of  China  from  treaty 
compulsion  to  tolerate  the  opium  traffic. 

AMERICAN  TRADERS  IN  PACIFIC  ISLANDS  RESTRAINED. 

Meantime,  on  February  i^th  of  that  year  (1902), 
the  United  States,  in  the  exercise  of  its  own  powers 
in  a  new  line  of  legislation,  prohibited  American 
traders  to  sell  liquors  in  islands  of  the  Pacific  having 
no  civilized  government  —  a  law  drawn  by  the 
Reform  Bureau,  that  had  long  been  desired  by  Dr. 
John  G.  Paton  for  the  protection  of  his  own  and 
other  mission  fields. 


OPIUM     IN     THE    PHILIPPINES. 

In  1903,  on  May  3ist,  a  bill  establishing  an 
opium  monopoly  for  the  Philippines  having  been 
approved,  in  substance,  by  the  American  Commis- 
sioners in  control,  which  insured  its  enactment  by 
them,  unless  overruled,  when  the  bill  should  reach 
a  final  vote  that  was  expected  two  weeks  later  on 
June  I4th,  the  Evangelical  Union,  composed  chiefly 
of  American  missionaries,  with  full  knowledge  of 


International  Legislation  for  Markets  and  Morals 


57 


the  situation,  appealed  through  their  energetic  Pres- 
ident, Dr.  Homer  C.  Stuntz,  by  a  cablegram  costing 
$150  in  gold,  paid  by  the  Chinese  Board  of  Trade,* 
to  the  International  Reform  Bureau,  to  make  known 
swiftly  to  the  American  people  this  peril  to  the 
nation's  honor  and  to  the  moral  and  physical  wel- 
fare of  the  people  of  the  Philippines,  and  so  prompt 
a  popular  appeal  to  President  Roosevelt  to  inter- 
pose. The  absence  of  the  President  from  Wash- 
ington delayed  proceedings  in  the  United  States 
until  three  days  before  the  Monday  on  which  the 
final  vote  was  anticipated.  On  that  Thursday  there 
was  printed  on  two  thousand  telegraphic  blanks, 
with  a  few  words  of  explanation  crosswise  at  the 
side,  the  following  message  : 

"To  the  President,  Washington,  D.  C— Under- 
signed urge  you  to  veto  Philippine  opium  monopoly 
and  substitute  Japan's  effective  prohibition." 

These  were  mailed  that  day  to  a  picked  list  of 
citizens  of  great  influence,  for  it  must  be  a  sharp- 
shooter's fight  on  such  short  notice.  The  receiver 
in  each  case,  if  he  approved,  had  only  to  sign  the 
telegram  and  send  it  to  the  President  at  his  own 
cost.  Two  and  three  days  later  these  telegraphic 
votes  reached  the  President,  and  on  Monday  morn- 
ing, when  it  had  been  expected  the  monopoly  of 

*  One  of  the  officials  thus  overruled,  in  a  public  address, 
impugned  the  motives  of  nearly  all  who  opposed  his  wishes 
in  this  matter,  especially  those  who  paid  for  the  telegram, 
assuming  that  not  even  a  reputahle  Chinese  Board  of  Trade 
could  sincerely  oppose  opium,  and  that,  too,  after  the  Chi- 
nese had  taken  a  strong  part  in  driving  opium  from 
Australia,  and  after  the  Chinese  Government — that  had 
always  prohihited  opium  till  overruled  by  armed  force — 
had  renewed  that  prohibition  at  the  first  opportunity,  as 
is  shown  later  in  this  chapter. 


Do  the  Chinese 
as  merchants  com- 
pare favorably  with 
the  merchant  class 
of  white  nations? 


Is  it  the  citizen's 
right  and  duty  to 
urge  political  action 
upon  officials? 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 

opium  in  the  Philippines  would  be  sold  for  five 
millions  of  dollars  to  a  Chinese  syndicate,  that 
threatening  peril  was  electrocuted  by  the  following 
cablegram,  .sent  'from  the  War  Department  "by 
order  of  the  President" : 

"Hold  Opium  Monopoly  Bill.  Further  investi- 
gation. Many  protests." 

AUSTRALIA    ENLISTED. 

In  1904  Dr.  Francis  E.  Clark,  President  of  the 
World's  Christian  Endeavor  Union,  but  acting  in 
the  capacity  of  Chairman  of  the  Native  Races  Depu- 
tation, enlisted  King  Oscar  of  Sweden  and,  through 
the  Australian  missionary  societies,  Premier  Deakin 
of  that  country  in  the  great  crusade  against  both 
opium  and  intoxicants.  The  last  -  named  official 
urged  the  British  Government  to  accept  the  proposi- 
tion made  by  President  Roosevelt  in  1901.* 

Canada  through  resolutions  and  public  meetings 
also  asked  the  British  Government  to  stand  with 
the  United  States  in  the  front  span  of  the  movement 
to  protect  uncivilized  races. 


Have  the  Philip- 
pines gained  mate- 
rially and  morally 
by  the  transfer 
from  Spain  to  the 
United  States? 

Are  the  Chinese 
and  Japanese  fully 
civilized  peoples 
and  entitled  to  all 
^privileges  accorded 
by  civilized  races 
to  each  other? 


PHILIPPINE    OPIUM    COMMITTEE    REPORT. 

It  was  in  this  year — 1904 — that  the  Philippine 
Opium  Commission,  appointed  when  the  opium 
monopoly  was  defeated,  reported  its  investigation 
of  the  opium  laws  of  Asia,  declaring  that  revenue 
and  real  restriction  were  never  found  together,  and 
that  the  only  effective  law  was  that  of  Japan,  in 

*  Dr.  Clark  also  secured  the  indorsement  of  the  Cru- 
sade for  the  protection  of  native  races  from  the  officials 
of  several  South  American  countries. 


International  Legislation  for  Markets  and  Morals  59 

which  there  was  no  revenue,  but  a  total  prohibi- 
tion of  the  sale  of  opium  except  for  medical 
prescriptions.* 

JAPANESE  GOVERNMENT  JOINS  THE  CRUSADE. 

In  that  same  year — 1904 — the  Japanese  Govern- 
ment asked  for  full  information  from  the  Interna- 
tional Reform  Bureau  in  regard  to  the  Crusade  for 
native  races.  In  addition  to  supplying  written  and 
printed  information,  the  matter  was  taken  up  with 
Baron  Komura,  of  the  Japanese  Foreign  Office,  by 
the  statesman-missionary,  Dr.  J.  H.  De  Forest,  with 
the  result  that  official  expressions  of  favor  for  the 
movement  were  given  by  the  Japanese  Foreign  Sec- 
retary. Further  action  was  interrupted  by  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war  between  Japan  and  Russia, 
but  during  the  war  a  syndicate  article  was  sent  out 
to  leading  papers  all  over  the  world  suggesting  that 
as  the  end  of  the  war  would  bring  a  reopening  of 
Chinese  questions  people  of  all  nations  should  agi- 
tate for  the  emancipation  of  China  from  British 
opium.  Numerous  copies  of  "Intoxicants  and 
Opium  in  All  Lands  and  Times,"  the  text-book  of 
the  Crusade,  were  sent  out  to  leading  statesmen  and 
other  moral  leaders  in  many  lands. 

HEARING     IN     BEHALF     OF     CHINA     BEFORE     SECRE- 
TARY  HAY. 

On  November  loth  there  was  a  second  hearing 
before  Secretary  Hay,  acting  for  President  Roose- 
velt, this  time  on  petitions  that  President  Roosevelt 


*  Thousands  of  copies  of  this  report  have  been  pub- 
lished, and  will  be  sent  to  those  who  post  a  request  to 
the  Anti-Opium  Society  of  China,  Rev.  H.  C.  Du  Bose, 
D.  D.,  President,  Soochow,  or  to  International  Reform 
Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 


6o 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


would  use  his  "good  offices'1  with  the  British  Gov- 
ernment to  have  China  released  from  the  opium 
treaty,  for  which  it  was  anticipated  a  favorable 
opportunity  would  come  when  the  war  should  close. 
At  this  hearing,  as  at  the  former  one  before  Secre- 
tary Hay,  the  leading  reform  and  missionary  socie- 
ties acted  together  as  a  federation  under  the  name 
of  the  Native  Races  Deputation.* 


Is  the  injury  done 
to  business  by  the 
vices  such  as  to 
make  it  the  right 
and  duty  of  Boards 
of  Trade  to  use 
their  direct  influ- 
ence against  them  ? 


Is  the  United 
States  justified  in 
treating  Philippine 
goods  as  foreign 
products  in  its 
tariff  laws? 


BOARDS    OF    TRADE    ENLISTED.     • 

The  hearing  above  described  was  seconded  by 
commercial  bodies/  including  the  Boards  of  Trade 
of  Baltimore  and  Jacksonville,  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  Pittsburg,  the  National  Board  of 
Trade,  and  the  Merchants'  Association  of  New 
York.  It  was  recognized  that  the  impoverishment 
of  more  than  one  hundred  millions  in  the  families 
of  Chinese  opium  sots  by  the  interference  of  Great 
Britain  with  the  police  regulations  of  China  was 
a  matter  that  injured  "the  honest  trade  of  every 
nation." 

OPIUM    PROHIBITION    IN    THE    PHILIPPINES. 

In  1905  the  Philippine  tariff  was  taken  up  in 
Congress,  The  bill,  as  drawn  by  the  War  Depart- 

*  The  concise  speeches  made  at  this  hearing  by  Drs. 
F.  D.  Gamewell,  William  Ashmore,  Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  Mrs. 
S.  L.  Baldwin,  and  Rev.  W.  L.  Baird,  are  published  in 
an  "Anti-Opium  Issue"  of  the  Twentieth  Century  Quarterly, 
206  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  S.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
U.  S.  A.,  which  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  a  two-cent  or 
one-penny  stamp  or  its  equivalent  in  the  postage  of  any 
country.  Holcomb's  "China  Past  and  Present,"  giving  the 
full  story  of  opium  in  China,  can  be  had  for  one  shilling, 
postpaid,  with  full  list  of  other  standard  books  on  the 
subject,  from  the  Society  for  the  Suppression  of  the 
Opium  Trade,  Bridge  House,  181  Queen  Victoria  Street, 
London,  E.  C. 


International  Legislation  for  Markets  and  Morals 


61 


merit  and  reported  by  the  Committee  on  Ways  and 
Means,  left  the  regulation  of  opium  entirely  to  the 
Philippine  Government,  which  had  done  nothing 
right  in  regard  to  it  in  the  seven  preceding  years 
of  administration.  But  through  the  interposition 
of  reformers  Congress  was  induced  to  enact  a  law 
prohibiting  the  sale  of  opium  except  as  a  medicine, 
to  take  effect  in  the  case  of  Filipinos  at  once,  and 
in  case  of  others  after  three  years.  The  law  is 
as  follows : 

"After  March  i,  1908,  it  will  be  unlawful  to 
import  into  the  Philippine  Islands  opium  in  what- 
ever form  except  by  the  Government  and  for  med- 
ical purposes  only.  At  no  time  .shall  it  be  lawful 
to  sell  opium  to  any  native  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
except  for  medical  purposes." 

The  Philippine  Government,  having  no  legal  lim- 
itation on  their  control  of  opium  for  three  years, 
except  that  it  could  not  be  legally  sold  to  Filipinos, 
enacted  a  high  license,  additional  to  a  high  tariff, 
by  which  to  get  the  utmost  possible  revenue  out  of 
it  during  those  years  of  "grace"  which  had  been 
allowed  by  Congress  for  gradually  extinguishing 
the  traffic  and  the  habit,  in  accordance  with  the 
recommendation  of  Bishop  Brent  and  his  associates 
on  the  impartial  Opium  Committee,  whose  \vork  has 
been  applauded  in  all  continents.  But  when  the 
writer  visited  the  Philippines,  June  1, 1907,  when  but 
nine  months  of  the  three  years  remained,  the  rev- 
enue officers  frankly  admitted  there  had  been  no 
reduction.  As  the  traffic  had  been  loaded — first, 
with  a  heavy  import  duty ;  second,  with  a  high 
license  on  the  dealer;  third,  with  a  license  on  every 
smoker — this  case  is  an  interesting  addition  to  many 
other  illustrations  of  the  inefficiency  of  taxation  to 
decrease  any  popular  vice.  Although  no  effort  had 


Has  "high  li- 
cense" either  of 
opium  or  liquors 
decreased  either 
the  consumption  or 
the  consequences  ? 


62 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Is  "tapering  off" 
a  practical  method 
of  breaking  with 
any  vice? 


been  made  to  use  the  abundant  time  allowed  for 
"tapering  off,"  and  although  the  Philippine  prison, 
in  which,  as  usual,  opium-using  prisoners  break 
right  off  with  no  bad  results,  shows  that  no  time 
for  "tapering"  is  really  needed  except  such  as  must 
be  done  in  very  bad  cases  in  hospitals,  it  was  frankly 
admitted  that  more  "tapering"  time  beyond  March 
i,  1908,  would  be  asked.  But  officials  were 
reminded  that  one  sufficient  reason — there  were 
others — why  Congress  would  be  unlikely  to  grant 
to  those  who  have  buried  their  three  talents,  yet 
other  talents,  was  that  the  threefold  action  of  the 
United  States  Government  on  opium  in  the  Philip- 
pines— first,  in  rejecting  the  proposed  monopoly ; 
second,  in  the  publication  of  a  faithful  report ;  third, 
in  enacting  prohibition  —  had  not  only  brought 
worldwide  praise,  in  which  the  Administration 
rejoiced,  but  had  prompted  two  other  great  nations 
to  similar  action,  which  must  now  be  recorded — 
going  back  a  little  in  the  discussion. 


THE  WATERLOO  OF  OPIUM. 


Is  the  British 
Parliament  as  effi- 
cient an  agent 
of  popular  govern- 
ment as  the  United 
States  Congress? 


In  1906  the  opium  question  was  brought  up  in 
the  British  Parliament  by  previous  agreement. 
Documents  setting  forth  the  action  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Philippines  were  in  the  hands  of  the 
men  who  were  to  take  part  in  the  debate  "as  a 
potent  weapon,"  to  borrow  the  phrase  used  by  the 
anti-opium  leader  of  Great  Britain  to  describe  the 
helpful  influence  of  these  American  reinforcements, 
which  included  also  a  few  effective  lectures  by  Dr. 
Sidney  L.  Gulick,  of  Japan,  in  leading  British  cities, 
and  the  circulation  among  members  of  the  British 
Parliament  and  among  the  British  people  of  the 
resolutions  of  American  missionary  and  commercial 


International  Legislation  for  Markets  and  Morals 


bodies  as  expressions  of  international  public  senti- 
ment. It  was  learned  afterwards  that  President 
Roosevelt  also,  in  response  to  the  petitions  previ- 
ously mentioned,  used  his  "good  offices"  in  behalf 
of  Chinese  emancipation,  and  secured  the  "good 
offices"  of  the  Japanese  Government  also  to  the 
same  end. 

These  proved  to  be  the  Bliicher  forces  in  the 
Waterloo  of  opium,  bringing  the  necessary  foreign 
reinforcements  to  British  anti-opium  societies  that 
had  fought  so  long  and  persistently  to  bring  their 
Government  to  right  the  wrong  done  to  China.  It 
was  on  May  30,  1906,  that  the  British  Parliament, 
on  motion  of  Hon.  T.  C.  Taylor,  seconded  by  Dr. 
V.  H.  Rutherford,  voted  unanimously  that  "the 
Indo-Chinese  opium  trade  is  morally  indefensible, 
and  the  Government  is  instructed  to  bring  it  to  a 
speedy  close."  In  the  debate  the  Right  Hon.  John 
Morley,  Secretary  of  State  for  India,  declared  that 
if  China  sincerely  desired  to  be  released  the  Gov- 
ernment would  interpose  no  obstacle. 

In  August  a  petition,  signed  by  twelve  hundred 
missionaries  in  China  of  many  denominations  and 
several  nationalities,  was  forwarded  by  the  Anti- 
Opium  Society  of  China,  through  the  Nanking  Vice- 
roy, to  the  Imperial  Government. 


Is  the  British 
plan  of  allowing 
Cabinet  officers  to 
take  a  direct  and 
leading  part  in  leg- 
islation preferable 
to  the  American 
plan? 


ANTI-OPIUM  DECREES  OF  CHINESE  GOVERNMENT. 


The  Dowager  Empress  of  China  issued  on  Sep- 
tember 2oth  of  that  year  (1906),  following  other 
progressive  decrees,  one  for  the  abolition  of  the 
opium  traffic  within  ten  years.  Subsequent  regula- 
tions published  by  November  2ist  were  far  more 
drastic  than  the  decree  had  seemed  to  promise,  for 
teachers  and  minor  officers  were  called  upon  to  give 


Have  Queens 
averaged  as  well 
as  Kings  as 

rulers? 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 

up  the  opium  habit  or  give  up  their  positions  in 
three  months ;  higher  officials  in  six  months,  which 
was  the  limit  named  for  the  closing  of  opium  dens ; 
and  it  was  also  required  that  the  cultivation  of  the 
poppy  and  the  use  of  opium,  except  by  those  over 
sixty,  should  be  cut  down  twenty  per  cent,  a  year. 
These,  with  the  total  prohibition  of  the  use  of  opium 
for  persons  who  had  not  reached  the  condition  of 
opium  sots,  promised  that  the  major  part  of  the 
opium  traffic  and  the  opium  vice  would  be  done 
away  with  in  half  the  ten-year  period.* 

AN  INTERNATIONAL  COMMISSION  TO  SUPPRESS  OPIUM 


Is  beer  a  com- 
paratively harmless 
drink  and  a  good 
substitute  for  dis- 
tilled liquors? 


Before  the  time  set  for  closing  opium  dens  in 
China  had  been  reached,  when  Viceroy  Yuan  Shih 
kai  and  some  other  Governors  were  outrunning  the 
imperial  edict  in  suppressing  opium  -  smoking  in 
their  jurisdictions,  the  international  action  to  which 
all  we  have  said  as  to  opium  is  an  introduction  was 
taken  at  the  suggestion  of  Bishop  Brent,  whose 
investigations  of  the  opium  curse  in  many  lands  had 
led  him  to  see  the  need  of  co-operation  among  the 
governments  whose  subjects  were  most  injured  by 
this  chief  evil  of  the  Orient,  and  who  accordingly 
asked  President  Roosevelt  to  invite  Great  Britain, 
France,  Italy,  Holland,  China,  and  Japan — all  the 
nations  having  permanent  territorial  possessions  in 
eastern  Asia — to  join  the  United  States  in  appoint- 
ing a  Comftiission  to  suppress  the  vicious  uses  of 
opium  throughout  that  region.  All  have  agreed  to 

*  Now  that  China  is  escaping  from  the  lion  of  British 
opium,  she  is  threatened  by  the  eagles  of  American  and 
German  beer ;  but  as  these  are  not  forced  upon  China,  the 
deliverance  in  this  case  must  come  by  educational  forces, 
such  as  the  circulation  of  "Scientific  Testimony  Against 
Beer." 


International  Legislation  for  Markets  and  Morals  65 

do  so.  The  press  report  says  that  Great  Britain 
gave  "a  qualified  acceptance."  But  the  end  must 
be  the  end  of  British  opium,  not  only  in  China  but 
also  in  Hong  Kong  and  India.  Probably  Japan — 
whose  suppression  of  the  vicious  uses  of  opium  in 
Japan  proper,  where  no  revenue  from  this  evil  has 
been  attempted,  is  the  supreme  masterpiece  of  pro- 
hibition —  did  not  contemplate  reforming  its  too 
"gradual"  suppression  in  Formosa,  where  revenue 
has  seemed  to  vitiate  a  promising  experiment;  but 
this  must  come.  Probably  the  President  was  not 
thinking  of  the  hell-brew  of  Macao's  Portuguese 
opium  factory,  that  is  all  shipped  to  San  Francisco 
to  impoverish  and  destroy  the  Chinese  in  America; 
but  prohibition  of  the  importation  of  opium  for 
vicious  uses  can  and  must  be  accomplished  wherever 
the  American  flag  floats.  That  will  take  away  the 
present  market  of  the  opium  factory  of  Portuguese 
Macao,  "the  Monte  Carlo  of  the  East."  Persian 
opium  will  not  be  tolerated  when  other  opium  has 
been  abolished. 

As  civilized  nations  have  unitedly  suppressed 
piracy  and  the  slave  trade,  opium  dens  every- 
where will  be  forced  to  close,  and  this  piratical, 
enslaving  trade  will  be  sentenced  by  mankind  to 
join  piracy  and  slavery*  in  the  limbo  of  crimes 
against  civilization. 

*  Just  as  the  cruelties  in  the  Congo  seemed  to  be  near- 
ing  settlement,  in  1907,  General  F.  Jotibert  Piennaar,  of 
the  Transvaal,  appealed  to  international  public  opinion 
against  alleged  fostering  of  slavery  in  parts  of  Portuguese 
Africa.  It  would  not  be  strange  if  the  country  which  has 
held  all  Europe  back  in  the  efforts  to  save  Africa  from 
enslavement  to  the  white  man's  rum  should  be  found  guilty 
of  seeking  gain  through  other  forms  of  slavery.  But  there 
are  others  whose  oppression  of  native  workmen  is  slavery 
in  fact  if  not  in  form,  and  the  whole  subject  of  African 
slavery  calls  for  international  action. 


66  The  Science  of  Internationalism 


ENCOURAGEMENT    FOR    THE    NATIVE    RACES    CRUSADE. 

The  victory  over  the  opium  evil  in  China  being 
assured,  there  is  every  reason  to  expect  a  like  vic- 
tory in  the  closely  related  crusade  against  the  sale 
of  intoxicants  to  uncivilized  races,  on  which  the 
nations  held  a  third  Brussels  Conference  in  October, 
1906,  at  which  the  tax  was  raised  to  100  francs 
per  hectolitre  on  liquors  imported  into  Africa,  and 
at  which,  through  a  great  petition  representing 
nineteen  millions  of  Americans — mostly  by  the  sig- 
natures of  the  officers  of  great  societies  and  of 
public  meetings — and  by  personal  "interviews  of  the 
Superintendent  of  the  International  Reform  Bureau 
with  the  Foreign  Ministers  of  European  nations, 
and  most  of  all,  by  a  cablegram  of  President  Roose- 
velt suggesting  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  intoxicants 
and  opium  among  uncivilized  races,  the  way  was 
opened  for  such  international  prohibition  at  some 
later  Conference. 

The  cablegram  of  the  President  was  thus 
reported  in  L'Etoile  Beige  October  18,  1906: 

"En  experimant  les  veux  les  plus  sinceres  du 
peuple  American,  manifestes  en  dlverses  circon- 
stances,  pour  1'adoption  de  mesures  destinees  a  pro- 
teger  les  races  sauvages  et  non  civilisees  de  toutes 
les  parties  du-monde  centre  les  boissons  spiritueuses 
et  nocives,  j'addresse  a  la  conference  qui  va  se 
reunir  mes  souhaits  et  j'exprime  Tespoir  et  la  con- 
viction que  ses  travaux  ouvriront  encore  davantage 
les  voies  a  la  protection  de  toutes  les  tnbus  et  races 


International  Legislation  for  Markets  and  Morals 

non  civilisees   centre  le  trafic  des   spiriteux  et  de 
1'opium."  * 


In  1907  the  great  petition  was  presented  and 
officially  received  in  the  Foreign  Offices  of  Japan 
and  China,  both  of  which  nations  should  be  invited 
to  the  next  conference  on  this  subject,  especially 
as  it  should  include  not  Africa  alone  in  its  scope, 
but  the  Pacific  islands  also. 

In  1884  Great  Britain,  whose  laws  forbid  the 
sale  of  "wines,  spirits,  and  all  intoxicating  liquors" 
in  many  savage  islands  where  British  power  con- 
trols, submitted  a  treaty — in  vain,  because  of  Ger- 
many's opposition — to  other  commercial  Powers,  by 
which  it  was  proposed  to  jointly  prohibit  the  sale 
of  intoxicants  in  all  Pacific  islands  then  unattached 
to  any  civilized  Government,  it  being  expected  that 
such  prohibition  would  also  be  provided  by  separate 
laws  wherever  a  civilized  Power  had  full  juris- 
diction. 


Have  the  Pacific 
Islands  been  more 
benefited  than  in- 
jured by  commerce 
with  white  men? 


BRITAIN      ASKED      TO      JOIN      AMERICA      IN      FRAMING 
TREATY. 

It  would  amount,  in  part,  to  a  revival  of  that 
Treaty  proposal  of  1884,  if  Great  Britain  should 

*  English  translation  of  cablegram  from  the  President 
of  the  United  States: 

"To    the   President   of   the   Brussels   Conference   for   the 
Revision  of  the  Rules  to  Control  Spirits  in  Africa: 

"Uttering  the  earnest  wishes  of  the  American  People, 
expressed  on  many  occasions,  for  the  adoption  of  measures 
to  protect  the  savage  and  uncivilized  races  in  Africa  and 
all  parts  of  the  world  against  intoxicants  and  injurious 
drugs,  I  extend  to  the  Congress  about  to  convene  my  good 
wishes,  and  express  the  hope  and  conviction  that  its  labors 
will  still  further  open  the  door  for  the  universal  preven- 
tion of  liquor  and  opium  traffic  with  all  uncivilized  tribes 
and  races.  THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 

"October  15,  1906." 


68 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Should  the  State 
prohibit  the  sale 
of  intoxicants  to 


minors  r 


accept  the  invitation  that  President  Roosevelt  sub- 
mitted through  Secretary  Hay  in  1901,  and  in  1907 
told  the  writer  through  Secretary  Root  he  should 
renew,  to  join  the  United  States  in  framing  a 
world  treaty  providing  for  universal  prohibition  for 
the  uncivilized  child-races  as  wards  of  civilization. 
This  repeated  proposal  did  not  receive  swift  re- 
sponse, and  this  writing  (January,  1908)  waits  on  a 
stronger  expression  of  approving  British  sentiment. 
In  scores  of  meetings  in  the  great  cities  of  the 
British  Empire  resolutions  approving  President 
Roosevelt's  proposals  have  been  voted  —  always 
unanimously — in  the  Capital  of  Canada,  on  motion 
of  the  Chief  Justice,  seconded  by  the  Secretary  of 
Militia;  but  more  numerous  and  more  urgent  reso- 
lutions— letters  also — are  at  this  writing  urgently 
needed. 

We  may  fitly  conclude  this  topic  with  the  words 
with  which  Secretary  Root  gave  the  writer  God- 
speed as  he  started  out,  in  October,  1906,  to  spend 
a  year  in  a  round-the-world  tour  in  behalf  of  the 
two  Crusades  described : 

'"I  am  with  you  and  this  Government  is  with 
you  on  both  propositions — as  to  opium  in  China 
and  liquors  among  uncivilized  races.  They  are  dis- 
graces of  civilization.  My  part  is  diplomacy,  your 
part  is  agitation." 


VII.-INTERNATIONAL  MORAL  LEGISLATION 


The  previous  chapter  was  devoted  to  interna- 
tional action  that  is  or  would  be  partly  in  the  inter- 
est of  morals,  but  chiefly  in  the  interests  of  markets. 
This  chapter  deals  with  international  action  that 
is  chiefly  if  not  wholly  in  the  interest  of  morals. 

The  most  unprecedented  of  the  many  official 
conferences  of  nations  was  the  "Conference  of 
Paris  on  the  White  Slave  Traffic"  in  1904.  The 
title  should  be  The  Traffic  in  Women,  for  it  is  not 
white  women  alone  that  are  bought  and  sold.  The 
brown  women  of  Japan,  alas,  are  numerous  among 
these  "slaves."  This  is  the  supreme  fault  of  an 
otherwise  rapidly  progressing  nation.  To  right  this 
fault  would  help  more  than  gunboats  to  remove 
immigration  discriminations  against  this  race  that 
in  other  respects  has  proved  itself  worthy  of  such 
treatment  everywhere  as  is  accorded  to  "the  most 
favored  nation." 

It  was  wonderful  indeed  that  France,  a  nation 
that  legalizes  the  domestic  vice  market,  should  call 
other  civilized  nations  to  a  conference  at  Paris  to 
devise  means  to  suppress  the  international  branch 
of  the  same  traffic.  It  has  been  discovered  that 
there  were  regular  depots  in  many  lands  for  gather 

69 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 

Has  the  State 
any  right  to  med- 
dle with  morals 
further  than  to 
protect  life  and 
property? 


Can  the  licensing 
of  vice  be  justi- 
fied? 


70  The  Science  of  Internationalism 

ing,  transporting,  and  selling  women  into  a  slavery 
which  is  worse  than  the  horrible  "middle  passage" 
that  slaughtered  negroes  wholesale  long  ago,  and 
was  suppressed  by  the  protest  of  mankind.  That 
slavery  destroyed  the  body ;  this  destroys  both  body 
and  soul,  for  time  and  eternity. 

The  result  of  the  Conference  was  an  INTERNA- 
TIONAL PROHIBITION  OF  INTERNATIONAL  TRAFFIC 
IN  WOMEN  FOR  IMMORAL  PURPOSES. 

The  United  States  was  invited  to  that  Confer- 
ence, but  did  not  participate,  though  American 
ports  are  deeply  involved  in  this  hellish  commerce. 
This  failure  to  participate  was  probably  due  to  the 
fact  that  it  has  been  unusual  for  the  United  States 
to  mix  in  European  affairs — an  aloofness  that  is 
already  becoming  a  thing  of  the  past.  However, 
when  a  second  Conference  was  called  in  1906  to 
provide  for  such  international  co-operation  as  would 
insure  a  better  enforcement  of  the  prohibition,  the 
United  States  was  represented  in  both  the  official 
and  unofficial  lists  of  delegates,  the  writer  being 
among  the  latter. 

For  the  first  time,  probably,  unofficial  experts 
elected  by  reform  societies  were  permitted  to  sit  as 
corresponding  members  in  an  official  International 
Conference.  They  paid  a  fee  of  twenty  francs. 
They  had  no  vote,  but  full  privileges  of  debate. 
The  preceding  Congress  of  Paris,  made  up  chiefly 
of  diplomats  of  various  nations  in  the  legations  at 
Paris,  who  constituted  the  regular  delegates,  having 
no  expert  knowledge  of  "rescue  work,"  had  found 
it  necessary  to  take  frequent  counsel  in  the  "lobby" 
with  the  purity  experts  who  were  naturally  on  hand 
at  such  a  time.  For  the  second  conference  it  was 

Is  the  lobby  an      sensibly    decided    to    take    the    lobby    in    on    the 
evil  in  itself?  in  fl 


International  Moral  Legislation 


WOMEN    IN    A    WORLD    PARLIAMENT. 

This  brought  in  a  large  and  strong  company 
of  women,  who  have  ever  been  the  best  champions 
and  deliverers  of  their  betrayed  and  fallen  sisters. 
At  the  very  time  when,  in  London,  blind  leaders  of 
the  blind  were  trying  to  open  a  way  for  women  into 
the  British  Parliament,  not  by  reason  but  by  force, 
and  were  thus  furnishing  stronger  reasons  against 
woman  suffrage  than  any  enemy  ever  devised,  Lady 
Aberdeen  and  true  women  of  the  Continent  quietly 
entered  a  World  Parliament  and  discussed  the  most 
fundamental  of  all  questions  of  government,  with 
tenderness  but  no  tears,  with  delicacy  but  no  pru- 
dery, with  the  passion  of  purity  but  no  hysterics,  so 
furnishing,  without  any  special  appeal  for  suffrage, 
the  best  of  proof  that  women  can  participate  effec- 
tively in  the  very  highest  acts  of  government — those 
that  are  diplomatic  and  international. 

At  the  first  meeting  women  were  called  on  only 
at  the  end,  as  if  by  an  afterthought,  and  two  only 
were  introduced  by  the  French  President,  with 
pretty  compliments.  But  as  the  debates  got  down 
to  the  real  problem  the  compliments  were  dropped, 
and  the  women  rose  as  often  as  the  men  with  as 
firm  an  appeal  to  the  President  for  the  floor — "Je 
demande  la  parole"  (I  demand  the  word).  In  the 
weight  of  argument  they  furnished  more  than 
their  share. 

It  was  because  of  the  courage  of  these  women 
delegates  that  the  question,  held  back  in  the  previ- 
ous Conference,  was  pressed  to  consideration - 
though  not  to  conclusion  —  whether  France  and 
Germany  and  Japan,  by  legalizing  the  domestic 
traffic  in  vice,  did  not  give  the  international  traffic 


Would  it  be  wise 
to  give  women  as 
full  participation 
in  government  as 
men  have? 


Has  the  course  of 
London  "suffra- 
gettes "  in  seeking 
to  compel  action  in 
their  favor  by  vio- 
lent demonstrations 
been  wise  or  justi- 
fiable? 


Should  women  be 
now  equal  sharers 
with  men  in  direct- 
orships of  churches 
and  of  philan  - 
thropic  and  reform 
societies? 


Is  not  the  legal- 
izing of  vice  locally 
the  strongest  incen- 
tive to  international 
traffic? 


~2  The  Science  of  Internationalism 

its  strongest  incentive  by  furnishing  a  secure  mar- 
ket for  these  imports  of  tarnished  souls. 

The  main  effort  of  this  second  Conference  was 
to  establish  bureaus  of  information  by  which  every 
signatory  nation  would  agree  to  give  such  informa- 
tion to  other  countries  as  would  result  in  the  detec- 
tion of  the  infamous  procurers  and  aid  in  the  rescue 
of  their  victims,  whether  they  were  wise  enough  to 
wish  deliverance  or  not. 

The  chapter  is  not  ended.  Internationally, 
nationally,  and  locally,  our  duty  is  not  done  when 
the  traffic  in  girls  is  outlawed.  No  other  class  of 

Is  "the  double     |aws  js  so  inadequately  enforced,  which  is  the  case 
standard       justifi-  . 

able?  partly  because  so  many  are  more  afraid   to  have 

mud  than  blood  on  their  hands.  It  is  shallow  to 
say  the  evil  cannot  be  wholly  suppressed,  as  an 
excuse  for  letting  it  go  unchecked.  There  is  no 
other  subject  to  which  Gladstone's  most  practical 
word  is  more  appropriate :  "It  is  the  purpose  of  law 
to  make  it  as  hard  as  possible  to  do  wrong,  and 
as  easy  as  possible  to  do  right."  That  means  an 
unceasing  war  against  all  participants  in  this  slave 
traffic,  including  the  landlords  and  the  male  prosti- 
tutes, as  well  as  their  victims. 

But  the  positive  side  of  this  reform  should  have 
chief  attention : 

"My  strength  is  as  the  strength  of  ten, 
Because  my  heart  is  pure." 


Vm.— INTERNATIONAL  ACTION  ON 
GAMBLING  NEEDED 


Another  evil  which,  because  of  "material  and 
moral  injury"  wrought  through  it  by  one  nation 
upon  another,  should  become  the  subject  of  an 
international  Conference  is  gambling,  especially  the 
use  of  the  mails  by  nations  morally  backward  on 
this  reform — such  as  Mexico  and  Germany — to  sell 
tickets  of  national  or  other  lotteries  in  nations  where 
all  lotteries  have  long  been  suppressed  as  devices  of 
knaves  to  swindle  fools.  This  should  be  done  by 
amending  the  privileges  of  the  Universal  Postal 
Union  so  that  foreign  mail  addressed  to  a  lottery 
agent  could  be  returned  to  the  sender  on  fraud 
orders  being  issued  by  the  authorities,  and  any  per- 
son mailing  a  solicitation  to  the  purchase  of  a  lottery 
ticket  or  such  a  ticket  should  also  be  effectually 
punished  by  his  own  country,  on  evidence  being 
furnished  that  he  had  done  so.  In  answer  to  an 
inquiry  from  the  International  Reform  Bureau, 
Hon.  R.  P.  Goodwin,  Assistant  Attorney  General 
for  the  Post  Office  Department  of  the  United  States 
wrote  on  October  24,  1905 : 

"The  Post  Office  Department  has  no  intimation 
of  any  action  which  has  been  taken  by  this  Govern- 
ment in  the  past  in  the  direction  of  securing  the 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 

Is  not  all  gam- 
bling a  misappro- 
priation of  trust 
funds? 


Is  a  bet  a  fool's 
argument,  and  a  lot- 
tery a  knave's  bar- 
gain? 


Does  the  devot- 
ing of  gambling 
profits  to  charity 
mitigate  the  crime? 


Does  the  legaliz- 
ing of  gambling 
lessen  its  evils? 


74 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Is  gambling  a 
legitimate  source  of 
revenue  in  a  civi- 
lized State? 


Is  not  it  unbe- 
coming for  honest 
men  even  to  visit 
such  a  robber  den 
as  Monte  Carlo? 


co-operation  of  (the  German  Government  in  the 
suppression  of  lottery  enterprises  carried  on  by  its 
citizens  and  promoted  through  the  United  States 
mails." 

Surely  the  honest  citizens  of  both  Governments 
will  urge  that  both  Governments  shall  give  attention 
to  this  international  wrong,  in  the  name  of  con- 
science and  of  commerce.  And  as  other  nations 
are  also  wronged  by  German  and  other  lotteries, 
an  International  Conference  should  deal  with  it. 
If  the  place  for  such  a  Conference  is  in  the  nation 
that  has  most  completely  forbidden  all  forms  of 
gambling  among  its  own  people,  it  would  be  Japan, 
albeit  in  Formosa  Japan  carried  on  a  national  lot- 
tery at  the  cost  of  its  foreign  subjects  until  it  was 
laughed  out  of  court  on  an  effort  being  made  to 
enforce  a  provision  that  these  official  lottery  tickets 
should  not  be  sold  in  Japan  itself.  It  was  a  case 
of  Japan  imitating  one  too  many  of  the  European 
customs,  of  which  a  prominent  one  has  been  permis- 
sion to  "do"  foreigners  with  frauds  that  are  not 
allowed  among  citizens.*  When  an  International 
Conference  takes  up  international  gambling,  of 
course  Monte  Carlo  and  its  Asiatic  mimic,  Macao, 
whose  main  industry  in  both  cases  is  international 
robbery  by  licensed  gambling,  will  be  suppressed, 
as  other  forms  of  piracy  have  been  previously  sup- 
pressed, by  international  action.  An  International 
Conference  might  well  declare  that  gambling  is 

*  It  is  illegal,  according  to  British  regulations,  to  sell 
to  natives  of  the  United  Kingdom  anything  purporting  to 
be  whiskey  which  is  not  the  genuine  article.  But  when  it 
comes  to  selling  for  export,  where  it  is  to  be  drunk  in  the 
United  States,  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  the  distiller  from 
practising  any  sort  of  imposition  he  chooses.  This  is  the 
gist  of  the  report  that  has  been  made  by  Dr.  Wiley,  of 
the  American  Department  of  Agriculture  to  Secre- 
tary Wilson. 


International  Action  on  Gambling  Needed 


neither  a  civilized  business  nor  a  civilized  sport,  and 
cannot  therefore  be  recognized  as  having  any  inter- 
national rights.  As  a  business  it  violates  the  funda- 
mental law  that  only  "A  fair  exchange  is  no  rob- 
bery," and  as  a  sport  it  violates  the  rule  that  one 
must  not  drag  "shop" — that  is,  the  idea  of  material 
gain — into  the  social  hour.  It  is  under  that  rule 
as  ill-mannered  to  "play"  cards  or  to  play  "the 
sport  of  Icings"  for  money  as  to  solicit  insurance  on 
the  golf  field. 

Honest  business  the  world  over  suffers  from 
peculations  and  embezzlements  that  are  directly 
prompted  by  organized  inducements  to  gambling, 
and  chambers  of  commerce  everywhere,  equally 
with  churches,  should  therefore  urge  governmental 
action — international,  national,  and  local — to  sup- 
press it. 

All  educated  men  the  world  around  should  know 
the  great  decision  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  in  confirming  the  outlawing  of  the  Louisiana 
Lottery,  which  applies  to  other  licensed  evils  also, 
that  THE  PEOPLE  THEMSELVES  CANNOT  LEGALIZE 

WHAT  IS  AGAINST  PUBLIC  HEALTH  OR  PUBLIC 
MORALS  OR  PUBLIC  SAFETY,  MUCH  LESS  THEIR 
RULERS. 


Should  students 
themselves  in  their 
own  code  of  honor 
put  gambling  under 
the  ban  as  a  greedy 
vice  unworthy  of 
educated  men? 


Should  the  courts 
in  all  lands  declare 
all  laws  legalizing 
gambling  invalid  as 
contrary  to  funda- 
mental rights? 


IX.— INTERNATIONAL  REGULATION  OF 
IMMIGRATION 


The  Paris  conferences  of  nations  on  the  inter- 
national traffic  in  girls  have  initiated  international 
restriction  of  immigration,  which  cannot  logically 
stop  with  the  prohibition  of  the  emigration  and 
immigration  of  prostitutes.  Why  should  not  the 
nations  agree  that  they  will  co-operate  to  protect 
each  other  against  the  migration  of  murderers  and 
thieves  and  paupers  and  drunkards?  Extradition 
laws,  which  are  doing  something  towards  this  in  a 
retail  way,  afford  another  precedent  for  whole- 
sale action. 

It  would  be  a  fitting  subject  for  a  college  "con- 
gress" or  a  literary  or  political  club  to  discuss, 
apropos  of  the  critical  problems  raised  by  the  legis- 
lative exclusion  of  the  Chinese  and  the  diplomatic 
exclusion  of  Japanese  from  the  United  States,  and 
the  immigration  restrictions  put  on  both  these 
races  and  the  Hindus  in  British  colonies,  whether 
an  International  Conference  on  the  whole  subject  of 
emigration  and  immigration  should  be  called,  and, 
if  so,  what  should  be  its  action.  It  is  said  that  the 
best  prophecy  of  the  future  is  the  unforced  opinions 
of  young  men.  In  almost  any  nation  political 

77 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE, 

Is  a  conference 
of  nations  on  emi- 
gration and  immi- 
gration practicable? 


Should  the  extra- 
dition of  criminals 
be  provided  for  by 
a  general  Concert 
of  nations? 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Is  it  desirable 
that  university 
men  discuss  cur- 
rent questions  of 
practical  politics? 

In  immigration 
laws  should  defec- 
tives, delinquents, 
dependents  and 
illiterates  be  all 
put  in  the  excluded 
classes? 


Should  bigamy  be 
made  an  extradita- 
ble offense? 


Should  "political 
offenders"  be  speci- 
fied as  among  ad- 
missible immi- 
grants? 

Should  extradi- 
tion include  anar- 
chists who  advo- 
cate the  violent 
overthrow  of  all 
governments? 


action  might  be  influenced  by  one  university  dis- 
cussing such  a  problem  thoroughly  and  inducing 
one  hundred  other  collegiate  institutions  to  do  the 
same  and  report  the  results  to  the  Government. 

First,  should  not  all  physical  and  mental  defec- 
tives be  debarred  from  emigration  and  immigration 
by  international  action?  "Blood  is  thicker  than 
water,"  but  it  gets  too  thick  when  mixed  with  mud. 
"Thou  shalt  love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself,"  is  a 
double  command  and  includes  a  wise  self-love,  both 
in  the  individual  and  in  the  nation.  We  shall  do 
the  most  for  the  world  in  the  end  if  we  guard  our 
national  health  and  strength  against  contamination 
through  imported  weaklings.  Second,  should  not 
all  dependents  be  debarred  except  members  of  fam- 
ilies already  admitted  and  capable  of  supporting 
them?  Third,  should  not  delinquents  also  be 
excluded  so  far  as  they  can  be  shown  to  have  been 
convicted  or  guilty  of  murder,  theft,  or  habitual 
drunkenness?  We  can  hardly  expect  that  polyga- 
mous countries  will  agree  to  extradite  bigamists. 
And  even  the  more  fully  civilized  nations  that  forbid 
polygamy  might  find  difficulty  in  formulating  an 
international  definition  of  a  bigamist,  on  account 
of  the  scandalous  divorce  laws  that  prevail  in  some 
parts  of  the  United  States  and  elsewhere. 

Fourth,  shall  the  exception  for  political  convicts, 
many  of  them  arrested  only  because  they  were  loyal 
to  liberty,  whom  Great  Britain  and  France  and  the 
United  States  would  insist  should  not  be  barred 
by  any  immigration  legislation,  include  any  who 
advocate  the  overthrow  of  all  government?  Some 
would  permit  "the  philosophical  anarchist"  to  move 
about  the  world,  while  willing  that  an  international 
agreement  should  be  made  to  brand  as  a  universal 
outlaw,  subject  to  universal  extradition,  any  anar- 


International  Regulation  of  Immigration 


79 


chist  who  advocated  or  practised  the  theory  that 
all  governments  should  be  overthrown  by  force? 

Fifth — and  this  is  the  most  critical  international 
problem — should  there  not  be  some  international 
agreement  as  to  Asiatic  migration  to  white  countries, 
lest  the  justly  offended  pride  of  awakened  Japan 
and  awakening  China  shall  create  a  "yellow  peril" 
indeed  in  reprisals  of  commerce  or  of  war?  In 
any  such  conflict  the  United  States  and  the  British 
Empire  will  have  the  disadvantage  of  Russia  in  the 
recent  war,  in  knowing  that  Justice,  the  champion 
warrior,  is  on  the  Asiatic  side.  No  doubt  Japan 
and  China  would  readily  agree  to  exclusion  by  any 
educational  or  physical  or  moral  test  that  applied 
impartially  to  all  races,  or  to  any  impartial  numeri- 
cal limitation  that  admitted  of  any  nationality  not 
more  than  twenty-five  thousand,  for  example,  in 
any  one  year.  That  would  bring  more  British  and 
Scandinavian  immigrants  to  the  United  States  by 
lessening  their  competition  with  the  cheap  labor  and 
low  standard  of  living  in  Italy,  Hungary,  Poland, 
and  Russia. 

It  cannot  be  expected  that  two  such  mighty 
nations,  as  Japan  and  China  *  are  to  be  when 
the  high-spirited  students  now  in  their  universities 
come  into  leadership  there,  will  tamely  stand  by 
and  see  the  wilful  violation  of  the  solemn  promise 
in  their  treaties  that  they  are  to  have  treatment  in 


Can  the  cry  "A 
white  Australia !  " 
be  justified  in  its 
implication  that 
all  colored  races 
should  be  excluded  ? 


Are  the  Japanese 
laborers  less  desir- 
able immigrants 
than  those  of  south- 
ern and  eastern 
Europe? 

Are  the  Chinese 
farmers  and  labor- 
ers desirable  immi- 
grants? 


Is   China  a  "dy- 
ing nation?" 


*  An  interesting  paragraph  of  Internationalism  might 
be  developed  in  regard  to  the  agreements  of  various  nations 
with  China  and  Japan,  in  1905  and  1906  and  thereafter, 
which  together  amount  to  such  a  guaranteed  neutrality  for 
China  as  Belgium  has  long  enjoyed  to  its  great  commer- 
cial advantage.  China  has  therefore  an  unprecedented 
opportunity  to  develop  the  new  life  that  is  stirring  her 
provinces,  which  promises  to  make  that  country  ere  long 
too  strong  to  be  trifled  with. 


8o 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Does  politics  owe 
allegiance  to  the 
Decalogue  and  the 
Golden  Rule? 


the  British  Empire  and  the  United  States  equal  to 
that  of  "the  most  favored  nation."  They  are,  in 
fact,  treated  as  the  most  despised  nations  because 
of  the  subserviency  of  politicians  to  a  small  minority 
of  selfish  workmen  who  thus  bar  out  honest  rivals 
in  toil ;  but  the  consenting  majority  have  the  ability, 
and  so  the  responsibility,  to  see  that  justice  is  done, 
and  will  suffer  the  consequences  if  they  do  not. 


X.— INTERNATIONAL  RECOGNITIONS 
OF  SUNDAY 


That  some  future  conference  of  nations  may  and 
should  provide  for  diplomatic  uniformity  in  the 
official  observance  of  Sunday  is  suggested  by  the 
fact  that  both  Japan  and  China,  though  non-Chris- 
tian nations,  have  ordered  the  closing  of  all  public 
offices  and  public  schools  on  Sunday,  doubtless  in 
courteous  deference  to  the  customs  of  other  civilized 
nations  with  which  they  wish  to  associate  intimately 
in  the  capitals  of  the  world  and  in  modern  educa- 
tion. This  act  of  delicate  Oriental  politeness  is  a 
rebuke  to  those  boorish  diplomats  who  so  often 
forget  that,  whatever  their  own  feeling  about 
Sunday,  they  should  on  that  day,  if  only  in  the 
name  of  good  breeding,  act  in  accord  with  the 
Christian  standards  of  the  nation  they  represent,  and 
pay  courteous  deference  also  to  the  nation  to  which 
they  are  sent.  Especially  when  sent  to  such  a  gov- 
ernment as  that  of  the  United  States  or  Great 
Britain,  where  the  national  convictions  call  for 
abstention  on  Sunday  from  both  work  and  social 
functions,  they  should  see  that  international  cour- 
tesy forbids  them  to  wound  such  cherished  ideals 
by  giving  dinner  parties  or  other  public  functions 
on  Sunday  and,  most  of  all,  by  inviting  other  diplo- 
mats to  share  in  such  offensive  acts. 

81 


QUESTIONS  FOR 
DEBATE. 

Does  interna- 
tional courtesy  re- 
quire a  quiet  Sun- 
day in  diplomatic 
legations  ? 


82 


The  Science  of  Internationalism 


Is  the  use  of  Sun- 
day for  the  study  of 
school  and  college 
lessons  wrong? 


Are  laws  forbid- 
ding Sunday  work, 
business,  and  pub- 
lic amusements, 
justifiable  on  hy- 
gienic and  eco- 
nomic grounds? 


Does  courtesy 
forbid  public  games 
on  Sunday? 


Is  the  suspension 
of  labor  and  busi- 
ness on  Sunday  a 
financial  loss? 


Is  it  justifiable 
for  advocates  of 
the  Saturday  Sab- 
bath to  attack  Sun- 
day under  the  dis- 
guise of  a  "Relig- 
ious Liberty  Asso- 
ciation? " 


There  is  a  suggestion  of  yet  further  co-operative 
action  of  nations  as  to  Sunday  toil  and  traffic  in 
the  fact  that,  in  all  the  great  ports  of  the  world  and 
in  less  measure  in  nearly  all  large  cities,  all  nations 
now  mingle.  Such  alert  merchants  and  manufac- 
turers as  the  Japanese  will  presently  catch  the  sig- 
nificance of  the  fact  that  in  Yokohama,  for  example, 
it  is  the  most  prosperous  concerns  of  the  richest 
nations  that  close  on  Sunday,  while  their  petty  shops 
spread  out  their  week's  work,  without  advantage, 
over  seven  days  in  an  endless  grind.  There  will 
be  no  international  action  in  support  of  the  religious 
Sabbath,  a  purely  voluntary  matter  between  each 
individual  and  God ;  but  the  civil  Sabbath  *  will 
become  the  weekly  Rest  Day  of  the  world  because 
tlje  law  of  it.  is  written  in  the  constitution  of  man. 
It  is  recognized  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  which  guards  the  President's  right  to  Sunday 
rest,  and  every  nation's  law,  if  not  the  law  of 
nations,  should  also  protect  this  God-given  right 
for  every  man. 

*  See  full  discussion  in  my  book,  "Civil  Sabbath," 
International  Reform  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C.,  U.  S.  A., 
15  cents  (7^2  pence). 


APPENDIX 


ESPERANTO    DESCRIBED. 

Twenty  years  ago  an  unknown  Polish  physician  living  in  Bialystok, 
in  West  Russia,  published  a  pamphlet  entitled  "Lingvo  Internacia," 
by  Dr.  Esperanto.  It  was  an  attempt  to  solve  the  problem  of  an 
artificial  international  means  of  communication.  To-day  Dr.  Louis 
Zamcnhof  is  known  all  over  the  civilized  world  as  the  inventor  of  a 
really  practical  international  auxiliary  language  called  Esperanto. 

The  inhabitants  of  Zamenhof's  birthplace  (Bialystok)  were  made 
up  of  Russians,  Poles,  Germans,  and  Jews,  each  speaking  different 
languages,  and  always  on  bad  terms  with  each  other.  As  a  boy  young 
Zamenhof  got  the  idea  that  if  they  could  understand  one  another  they 
would  live  peacefully  together,  and  in  the  boy's  mind  there  sprang 
up  the  idea  of  an  international  language.  He  learnt  French  and 
German  in  his  boyhood,  and  later,  at  college,  the  classics  and  English. 
During  all  his  schooldays  he  was  working  out  his  new  tongue,  with 
the  result  that  towards  the  end  of  his  school  career  he  and  his  friends 
celebrated  by  a  banquet  the  birth  of  a  new  language.  The  school 
authorities  ridiculed  it,  and  Zamenhof's  friends  fell  away.  He  did 
not  despair,  but  hid  his  future  wofk  from  every  one.  His  university 
days,  he  tells  us,  were  his  saddest.  For  six  years  he  lived  an  almost 
solitary  life,  but  by  the  time  he  was  graduated  his  language  was  com- 
plete. He  commenced  to  practise  his  profession,  and  for  two  years 
sought  in  vain  for  a  publisher.  At  last,  in  1887,  he  succeeded  in 
publishing  his  first  book,  and  Esperanto  was  given  to  the  world. 

Esperanto  is  so  simple  that  after  a  few  hours'  study  it  can  be  read 
by  the  aid  of  a  dictionary  alone.  Tolstoy  a  few  years  ago  wrote:  "It 
is  so  easy  to  understand  that  when  I  received,  some  six  years  since, 

83 


84  Appendix 

a  grammar,  a  dictionary,  and  some  articles  in  this  language,  I  was 
able  in  two  short  hours,  if  not  to  write,  at  any  rate  to  read  it  fluently." 
A  glance  at  the  formation  of  the  language  will  enable  one  to  under- 
stand the  means  by  which  the  inventor  rendered  his  language  so 
easy  of  acquisition. 

The  Esperanto  grammar  is  a  marvel  of  simplicity  and  completeness, 
and  may  be  summarized  in  a  few  lines.  All  nouns  end  in  "o,"  all 
adjectives  in  "a,"  all  derived  adverbs  in  "e."  Nouns  have  no  case 
endings,  except  that  "n"  is  used  as  the  sign  of  the  direct  object.  The 
most  noticeable  feature  is  the  verb  —  that  crux  of  all  foreign  lan- 
guages— but  the  whole  of  the  moods,  tenses,  and  participles  of  the 
Esperanto  verb  are  contained  in  twelve  terminations,  and  with  these 
twelve  terminations  the  finest  shades  of  meaning  can  be  expressed 
with  absolute  precision.  The  infinitive  ends  in  "i,"  present  tense  in 
"as,"  past  in  "is,"  future  in  "os."  The  conditional  mood  ends  in  "us," 
and  the  imperative  in  "u."  No  change  takes  place  for  the  different 
persons.  Of  the  three  active  participles  the  present  ends  in  "anta," 
the  past  in  "inta,"  the  future  in  "onta,"  while  the  three  passive  par- 
ticiple endings  are — present  uata,"  past  "ita,"  future  "ota."  There 
are  absolutely  no  irregularities,  not  even  in  "esti"  (to  be),  which  is 
the  only  auxiliary. 

Dr.  Zamenhof  s  greatest  triumph,  however,  lies  in  the  Esperanto 
vocabulary.  His  aim  being  to  make  a  language  for  the  use  of  all 
nations,  he  strove  to  attain  the  maximum  degree  of  internationality 
in. his  vocabulary,  and  therefore  to  select  words  already  known  to  the 
majority  of  persons  of  ordinary  education.  So  well  has  this  principle 
been  carried  out  that  in  an  Esperanto  test  an  Englishman  would 
recognize  70  per  cent,  of  the  words,  an  Italian  60  per  cent.,  a  Spaniard 
42  per  cent.,  a  German  40  per  cent.,  and  a  Frenchman  80  per  cent. 
But  the  vocabulary  is  still  further  simplified  by  the  fact  that  the  learner 
is  enabled  to  form  his  own  words  by  adding  certain  well  -  defined 
prefixes  and  suffixes  to  the  fundamental  root  words,  which  number 
about  three  hundred.  For  example,  no  separate  words  denoting 
females  need  be  learned.  The  suffix  "in"  denotes  the  female  sex ; 
thus,  "onklo"  (uncle)  becomes  "onklino"  (aunt),  "pafrro"  (father) 
becomes  "patrino"  (mother),  "bovo"  (a  bull)  becomes  "bovino"  (a 


Appendix  85 

cow),  and  so  on.  Esperanto  provides  no  words  for  small,  slow,  and 
poor.  They  may  be  formed  from  the  root  words  for  large,  quick,  and 
rich,  by  prefixing  "mal,"  which  denotes  contraries ;  thus,  "malgranda" 
(small),  "malrapida"  (slow),  "malricha"  (poor).  There  are  about 
thirty  such  affixes,  and  since  many  may  be  combined  in  the  same  word 
it  is  clear  that  though  the  Esperanto  vocabulary  is  so  simple  for  the 
memory  it  nevertheless  provides  for  an  almost  illimitable  number 
of  words. 

The  alphabet  used  is  the  Roman,  omitting  "q,"  "w,"  "x,"  and  "z," 
with  the  addition  of  six  accented  letters.  The  pronunciation  offers 
no  difficulties,  as  Esperanto  is  purely  phonetic,  and  experience  has 
shown  that  people  of  different  nationalities,  meeting  for  the  first  time, 
understand  each  other  without  difficulty. 

The  progress  of  this  new  language  has  been  marvelous.  It  first 
spread  in  Russia,  then  to  the  north  into  Norway  and  Sweden.  In 
1892  the  first  French  edition  of  an  Esperanto  text-book  was  published 
by  M.  de  Beaufront,  who  at  that  time  had  ready  for  publication  an 
international  language  to  which  he  had  devoted  some  twelve  years  of 
his  life.  Concluding  that  Dr.  Zamenhof's  system  was  superior  to  his 
own,  M.  de  Beaufront  abandoned  his  own  creation  and  advocated 
Esperanto.  France  is  now  one  of  the  foremost  Esperanto  countries ; 
there  are  about  ninety  French  Esperanto  societies;  the  language  is 
taught  in  many  universities  and  colleges ;  the  War  Minister  is  encour- 
aging its  teaching  in  the  military  schools,  and  this  year  an  attempt 
will  be  made  in  the  French  Chamber  to  enact  that  Esperanto  shall 
be  taught  in  the  State  schools  of  that  country. 

In  Great  Britain  also  since  its  introduction,  in  1902,  Esperanto 
is  making  great  headway — so  great,  indeed,  that  the  London  Chamber 
of  Commerce  has  placed  it  on  the  same  footing  as  foreign  tongues 
and  has  made  it  one  of  the  subjects  for  its  examinations.  In  the 
London  county  schools  and  in  many  board  schools  Esperanto  courses 
are  given  to  the  pupils,  while  some  eighty  societies  are  actively  engaged 
in  spreading  a  knowledge  of  it. 

Last  year  witnessed  the  growth  of  a  strong  interest  in  the  language 
in  the  United  States.  At  Harvard,  Princeton,  the  Ohio  State,  and  the 
Western  Reserve  universities  several  of  the  professors  are  advocating 


86  Appendix 

Esperanto,  and  societies  for  its  diffusion  are  being  organized  through- 
out the  States. 

In  1905  the  first  Universal  Esperanto  Congress  was  held  at  Bou- 
logne, and  in  1906  the  second  was  held  at  Geneva.  Both  these 
Congresses  were  attended  by  delegates  from  all  parts  of  the  world, 
and  at  each  of  them  the  whole  of  the  discussions  were  carried  on,  and 
all  the  business  transacted,  in  Esperanto.  Delegates  and  visitors, 
knowing  nothing  of  each  other's  language,  were  able  to  speak  and 
understand  one  another  in  the  new  tongue.  These  conferences  pro- 
vided crucial  tests  of  the  practicability  of  the  new  language,  and 
Esperanto  came  through  them  triumphantly. 

There  are  nearly  four  hundred  Esperantist  societies  in  Europe, 
America,  and  Asia — the  latest-formed  one  being  in  Japan — and  thirty 
Esperanto  journals  are  published  every  month,  one  of  them  being 
devoted  solely  to  general  science  and  another  to  medicine. 

Thousands  of  circles  were  developed  in  1908  by  the  introduction 
of  Esperanto  lessons,  taught  by  Mrs.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  in  the  New 
York  Christian  Herald,  which  has  about  a  million  readers  in  many 
lands.  It  is  expected  that  courses  in  Esperanto  will  also  be  intro- 
duced in  American  Chautauquas  as  a  combination  of  recreation  and 
education. 


THE     INTERNATIONAL     REFORM     BUREAU 

Headquarters:      206   Pennsylvania   Ave.,    s.   e.,    Washington,   D.    C. 
REV.  WILBUR  F.  CRAFTS,  PH.D.,   SUPERINTENDENT  AND  TREASURER. 

IS    BASED    ON    FOUR    GREAT    PRINCIPLES,    ATTACKS    FOUR    GREAT 
EVILS,  BY  FOUR   METHODS,  IN  FOUR  FIELDS  AND  BY  FOUR  FORCES 

The  Four  Great  Principles  are  : 

1  The  command  to  love  man  as  well  as  God,  requires  the  Church  and  all  Chris- 
tians to  make  specific  and   regular  efforts  to   right  not  only  the  personal  relations  of 
men  to   God  but  also  social  relations  among  men. 

2.     As    the   individual   is   saved   hy    the   cross   of  Christ     the   community    must   be 
saved  by  his  crown,  that  is,  by  making  the  laws  of  Christ,  little  by  little,  the  laws  o 
business  and  politics  and  pleasure. 

2  Environment  affects  conversion  before  and  after,  and  the  church  should  therefore 
unite  to  create  a  favorable  moral  environment,  especially  for  children  and  child  races. 

4.  As  all  vices  co-operate,  and  all  virtues  are  related,  Christian  churches  and 
citizens  should  promote  all  true  reforms — not  one  alone. 

The  Big  Four  Evils  the  Bureau  fights  most  of  all  are : 

(1)  Intemperance,  (2)  Impurity,  (3)  Sabbath-breaking,  and  (4)  Gambling,  which 
are  four  sides  of  one  frowning  fortress,  that  all  good  citizens  should  attack  on  all  sides. 

We  attack  these  by  four  methods,  namely  : 

(1)   By  legislation,   (2)   by  letters,    (3)   by  lectures,  and    (4)   by  literature. 

The  Four  Fields  are  : 

(1)   Local,  (2)    State,   (3)   National,  and   (4)   International. 

Congress  has  enacted  twelve  important  laws,  relating  to  impurity,  divorce,  the 
Sabbath,  and  intoxicants,  that  were  drawn  by  the  Bureau,  which  also  defeated  a  bad 
law  to  legalize  race  gambling  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  another  of  like  purpose 
in  the  Pennsylvania  legislature.  The  Bureau's  Pacific  Coast  District  Secretary  drew 
and  carried  to  victory  the  new  Sunday  law  of  Idaho,  which  is  working  well.  In  all 
state  legislatures  good  laws  will  be  promoted  by  our  secretaries,  and  bad  laws  defeated. 
Locally  law  enforcement  will  be  aided  wherever  they  go  as  lecturers.  Much  can  be 
done  by  interviews  of  such  experts  with  public  officials.  The  Bureau's  very  extensive 
files  of  information  are  made  widely*  useful  by  correspondence.  Best  of  all,  we  can 
reach  moral  leaders  in  all  lands  with  two  ounces  of  stirring  literature  at  a  cost  of 
three  cents  each,  $30  per  1,000. 

Our  International  specialty  is  to  inform  and  arouse  and  express  public  sentiment 
In  favor  of  a  treaty  of  all  civilized  governments  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicants  and 
opium  to  uncivilized  and  newly  civilized  races. 

The  emancipation  of  China  from  opium  having  been  assured  by  the  action  of  the 
British  and  Chinese  governments,  and  victory  over  opium  in  the  Philippines,  having 
been  doubly  decreed  for  March  1,  1908,  to  all  of  which  the  International  Reform  Bureau 
materially  contributed,  the  way  is  open  to  drive  the  white  man's  rum  also  from  the 
mission  fields,  in  the  name  of  conscience  and  of  commerce. 

The  Four  Forces  united  in  our  international  crusade,  as  in  no  other  project  are : 

(1)  The  reform  organizations,  (2)  the  missionary  societies,  (3)  the  chambers  of 
commerce,  (4)  the  governments. 

The  Bureau  has  twelve  lecturers  constantly  at  work,  one  in  Australia,  one  In 
Canada,  soon  to  go  to  Eastern  Asia,  ten  in  the  United  States.  Other  lecturing  secre- 
taries should  be  added  at  London,  Berlin  and  Calcutta,  and  at  least  nine  more  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada. 

CONTRIBUTIONS  ARE  NEEDED  AND  REQUESTED  AS  THE  BUREAU  is  WHOLLY  DEPENDENT 
ON  VOLUNTARY  OFFERINGS  OF  THE  GENERAL  PUBLIC,  "20th  Century  Quarterly"  and  other 
timely  literature  will  be  sent  to  contributors. 

Our  one  comprehensive  purpose  is  to  create  a  better  moral  environment  for  children  and  child  races. 
PATTERN   OF  PETITION  TO  BE  VOTED  THROUGHOUT  THE  WORLD 

To  All  Civilized  Governments  : 

INASMUCH  as  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  has  invited  all  civilized  governments 
to  unite  in  making  laws  and  treaties  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicants  and  opium  to 
uncivilized  races,  which  proposal  President  Roosevelt  set  squarely  before  the  world  by 
cabling  it  to  the  Brussels  Conference  of  190G ;  therefore 

Resolved,  That  we  earnestly  petition  our  own  Government  to  make  a  favorable 
response  to  this  great  proposal,  and  to  act  to  that  end,  so  far  as  possible,  among  our 
own  subjects,  without  waiting  for  other  Governments ;  and 

Resolved,  That  one  copy  of  this  action,  certified  by  signature  of  President  of  this 
meeting,  be  sent  to  our  Government,  and  another  to  the  International  Reform  Bureau, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  U.  S.  A.,  that  it  may  be  added  to  the  great  (petition  "To  all  Civilized 
Governments"  for  such  laws  and  treaties. 

Adopted  l)]i of on and  undersigned  authorized  to  so  attest 

89 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  REFORM  BUREAU 

(Incorporated) 
2O6  Pennsylvania  Ave.,  S.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C. 


GENERAL    OFFICERS 

President — Hon.  Henry  W.  Blair  Secretary — Rev.  F    D.  Power,  D.D. 

Superintendent  :and    Treasurer — Rev.    Wilbur    F.    Crafts,    Ph.D 
Auditor — B.  B.  Bassette  Clerk  of  Directors— A.  II.  Eames 

TRUSTEES 

President,   Secretary,    Superintendent  and   the  following 
Rev.  J.  G.  Butler,  D.D.  J.  J.  Porter  Joshua  Levering 


Brig.-Gen.  A.  S.  Daggett 
L.  T.  Yoder 


J.  W.  Houston 


DISTRICT    SECRETARIES 


Clinton  N.  Howard 


Rev.    O.    R.    Miller,    1811    Brooklyn    Ave.,       Rev.    D.   Everett    Smith.    Indianola,   Iowa. 


Brooklyn,   N.  Y. 

Rev.  Bertrand  P.  Judd,  93  Concord  St., 
Nashua,  N.  II. 

Rev.  Rennetts,  C.  Miller,  Drawer  16,  Hart- 
ford, Conn. 

Rev.  George  W.  Peck,  30  Baynes  St., 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Rev.    G.    L.    Tufts,    Ph.D.,    865    First    St., 

Portland,  Ore. 
Rev.  Chas.  S.  Eby,  D.D.,  454  Church  St., 

Toronto,  Ont. 
Mr.  W.  IT.  Judkins,  Review  of  Reviews 

Office,    Melbourne,    Australia. 


BUREAU'S  BRITISH  COUNCIL 
UNITED  KINGDOM  COUNCIL 
Dr.  V.  H.  Rutherford,  M.P., 

Chairman 

Henry  J.  Wilson,  M.P. 
Sir  Wm.  Brampton  Gurdon, 

M.   P. 

J.   Allen  Baker,   M.P. 
Leif.  F.  Jones,  M.P. 
Sir  John  Randies,  M.P. 
G.  A.  Hardy,  M.P. 
G.  P.  Gooch,  M.P. 
A.  Henderson,  M.P. 
T.  B.   Silcock,  M.P. 
R.  Laidlaw,  M.P. 
J.  W.   Gulland,  M.P. 
A.  Lupton,  M.P. 
Corrie  Grant,  M.P. 
Cathcart  Wason,  M.P. 
Sir  Arthur  Bignall,  M.P. 
A.  W.  Black.  M.P. 
John  Clifford,  D.D. 
Rev.  F.  B.  Meyer,  B.A. 
Rev.  F.  B.  Campbell,  B.A. 
Rev.  Robert  Harrison 
Samuel  T.  Mercier,  Esq. 
Geo.  Blaiklock,  Esq. 
W.   Williams,  Esq. 
Joshua  Rowntree 
Rev.  G.  A.  Wilson 

TOKONTO  COUNCIL 
Hon.  Justice  McLaren 
John  Charlton,  M.P. 
G.  L.  Marter,  M.L.A. 
John   Potts,  D.D. 
REV.  C.  S.  EBY,  D.D.,  Dist. 

Sect.,  Pro  Tem. 
QUEBEC  COUNCIL,  MONTREAL 
John  R.  Dougall,  Esq. 
Seth  P.  Leet,  K.C. 
Rev.  J.  A.  Gordon 
S.  J.  Carter 
J.  H.  Carson,  Hon.   Sec. 


AUSTRALIAN  COUNCILS 

MR.  W.  H.  JUDKINS,  Dist. 
Sect.  Australasia  and 
South  Seas. 

AUSTRALASIA  HEADQUAR- 
TERS COUNCIL. 

Chairman,  Hon.  S.  Mauger. 
M. P., Federal  Postmaster- 
General 

Hon.  J.  Balfour,  M.L.C. 

Archdeacon  Hindley 

Mr.   A.  Hoadley 

Rev.   T.   S.  Woodfull 

Mr.  J.  Griffiths,  Pres. 
Y.M.C.A. 

Mr.  John  Vale,  Sec.  Recha- 
bites 

Mr.  E.  J.  F.  King,  Sec.  Total 
Abstinence  Society 

Mr.  R.  A.  Beckett,  Sec. 
Temp.  Alliance 

Rev.  S.  Pearce  Carey,  M.A. 

Mr.  J.  F.  Barter 

Mr.  Wm.  Halsey 

NEW  SOUTH  WALES  COUNCIL 

Chairman,  His  Grace  the 
Archbishop  of  Sydney 

Mr.  Albert  Bruntnell.  M.P., 
Sec.  N.  S.  W.  Alliance. 

Rev.  D.  E.  Clouston,  D.D., 
Moderator  General  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  Aus- 
tralia 

Rev.  John  Penman,  Presi- 
dent N.  S.  W.  Methodist 
Conference 

Third  and  fourth  gentlemen 
ex  officio ;  successors  to 
be  in  council. 

Principal  A.  Harper,  St. 
Andrews  College 

Canon  Boyce 

Rev.  J.  A.  Cocks 

QO 


Rev.  Geo.  T.  Walden 
Rev.  W.  G.  Taylor 
Rev.  Robt.  B.   S.  Hammond 
Mr.  G.  E.  Ardill,  Hon.  Sec. 

(Address  403  Sussex  St.. 

Sydney) 

SOUTH  AUSTRALIA  COUNCIL 
Chairman,      Sir     Frederick 

Holder,      M.P.,      Speaker 

Federal  Parliament 
Hon.  Thomas  Price,  Premier 

S.  A. 

Mr.  T.  W.  Fleming 
Rev.  C.  H.  Nield,  Sec.  Anti- 
Gambling  League 
Mr.    Joseph    Vardon,    Pres. 

Y.M.C.A. 
Mr.  R.  J.  Lavis,  Pres.  S.  S. 

Union 

Mi-.  Herbert  Philips 
Mr.      J.      Delahanty,      Sec. 

Temp.  Alliance 
Rev.  A.   N.   Marshall,   Hon. 

Sec.,  address  N.  Adelaide 

Bureau's  Headquarters'  Council 

for  Eastern  Asia,  Tokio 
Bishop  M.  C.  Harris, 
Hon.   Sho  Nemoto,  M.P. 
Prof.   Shohkichi   Hata 
Rev.  T.  M.  MacNair,  D.D. 
President  E.  Kamada 
Hon.  Taro  Ando,  President 

Japan  Temperance  League 
Rev.  Gilbert  Bowles,  Sec.  of 

Japan  Peace  Society 
Mr.     J.     M.     Clinton,     Sec. 

Chinese  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
Prof.  E.  W.  Clement 
Rev.   K.  Obata 
Mr.   T.   Sawaya,  C.   E.   Sec. 

for  Japan 
REV.  C.  S.  EBY,  D.D.,  Dist. 

Sec. 


By  Rev.  WILBUR  R  CRAFTS,  PL  D, 

(These  books  nearly  all  written  or  revised  in  Twentieth  Century.) 
Jl  Primer  of  Internationalism.      I2mo.,  96  pp.    cloth,  35  cts. ;  paper,  15  cts. 

Cetters  to  a  Japanese  Statesman  on  Universal  morality,     (in  press.) 
12mo.,  1M>  pj>.     Cloth,  35  cts. ;  paper,  15  cts. 

Patriotic  Studies.      (New  enlarged  edition.) 

Octavo,  288  pp.  Cloth,  75c.  (Abridged  edition,  32  pp..  4  cts.)  Gives  cream  of 
Reform  Arguments  in  Congress  for  last  20  years  on  the  Sabbath,  temperance, 
gambling,  impurity,  Mormonism,  divorce,  prize  fighting,  immigration,  referendum, 
election  of  Senators  by  the  people,  etc.  This  is  the  book  the  brewers  have  attacked 
harder  than  any  other  because  of  its  telling  document  on  beer.  Every  patriot 
should  put  this  civic  seed  into  the  ploughed  ground  of  recent  civic  revivals. 

Practical  Christian  Sociology 

A   Series  of  Lectures  at  Princeton    Seminary.      12mo.      Cloth,   512  pp.,   .$1.50. 
Fourth   thousand.     Revised   Edition,   1007. 

"It  is  a  bright,  incisive,  most  timely  discussion,  original  in  method  and  fresh 
in   collection   of  facts.     It   ought  to   have   universal   circulation." — Joseph   Cook. 

Che  march  of  Christ  Down  the  Centuries 

Historic  survey  of  all  Reforms,  with  Twentieth  Century  Statistics.  128  pp. 
Cloth,  25  cts.;  paper,  10  cts.  Eighth  thousand. 

Che  Sabbath  for  man 

12mo.,  672  pp.  Cloth,  $1.50  net.  Ninth  thousand.  "The  book  outranks  all  others 
on  this  vital  theme."—  Miss  Frances  E.  Willard. 

Che  Civil  Sabbath 

The  Sabbath  surveyed  from  Patriotic  and  Humanitarian  standpoints.  Octavo, 
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Intoxicants  and  Opium  in  all  Cands  and  Cimes 

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New  enlarged  forty-fifth  edition. 

"Terse,  vigorous,  pleasant    .  .    .    calculated  to  impress  young  readers.  .  .  .  " — 
Inter-Ocean  Chicago. 
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Heroes  and  Holidays 

Five-minute  Talks   to   Boys   and   Girls   on   Heroes   of  Joshua,    Judges,   Samuel    and 
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"Interesting  for  mothers   to  read   to  their   children  or  for  the  children  them- 
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Calks  to  Boys  and  eirls  Jlbout  Jesus 

(By  Dr.  Crafts  and  others.)        Five-minute    Sermons  to   Children  on   Life   of  Christ, 

chronologically  arranged.    12mo.,  377  pp.    Cloth,  $1  ;  paper,  50  ots.     Sixth  thousand. 
Plain  Uses  of  the  Blackboard 

12mo.     Cloth,  $1.     Eleventh  thousand.     Many  blackboard  temperance  lessons;  also 

on  all  parts  of  the  Bible. 
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An    illustrated    lecture   on   Evidences   of  God   in    Nature.      06   pp.      Cloth,    25    cts. 

Third  thousand. 

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(  In   preparation.) 

Ceachers'  Edition  of  the  Revised  Cestament.      Cloth,  $1.50.     First  thousand. 

new  Cestament  Helps 

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